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Multiple Endocrinology Assays Featured in a New Study for Type 1 Diabetes

by Eagle Biosciences

EagleBio Endocrinology

Confirmation and Identification of Biomarkers Implicating Environmental Triggers in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes

Frontiers in Immunology

Numerous ELISA Assay Kits from our endocrinology line were used in a recent study published out of the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska. These kits were used to analyze blood plasma for biomarkers that could implicate environmental triggers for the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. These kits included;

Anti-GAD ELISA Assay Kit

Anti-IA2 ELISA Assay Kit

Anti-tTG IgA ELISA Assay Kit

High Sensitive Anti-TPO ELISA Assay Kit

Abstract

Multiple environmental triggers have been proposed to explain the increased incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). These include viral infections, microbiome disturbances, metabolic disorders, and vitamin D deficiency. Here, we used ELISA to examine blood plasma from juvenile T1D subjects and age-matched controls for the abundance of several circulating factors relevant to these hypotheses. We screened plasma for sCD14, mannose binding lectin (MBL), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), c-reactive protein (CRP), fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2), human growth hormone, leptin, total adiponectin, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, total IgG, total IgA, total IgM, endotoxin core antibodies (EndoCAbs), 25(OH) vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, IL-7, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-18BPa. Subjects also were tested for prevalence of antibodies targeting adenovirus, parainfluenza 1/2/3, Coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen (EBV VCA), herpes simplex virus 1, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finally, all subjects were screened for presence and abundance of autoantibodies targeting islet cell cytoplasmic proteins (ICA), glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD65), zinc transporter 8 (ZNT8), insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2), tissue transglutaminase, and thyroid peroxidase, while β cell function was gauged by measuring c-peptide levels. We observed few differences between control and T1D subjects. Of these, we found elevated sCD14, IL-18BPa, and FABP2, and reduced total IgM. Female T1D subjects were notably elevated in CRP levels compared to control, while males were similar. T1D subjects also had significantly lower prevalence of EBV VCA antibodies compared to control. Lastly, we observed that c-peptide levels were significantly correlated with leptin levels among controls, but this relationship was not significant among T1D subjects. Alternatively, adiponectin levels were significantly correlated with c-peptide levels among T1D subjects, while controls showed no relationship between these two factors. Among T1D subjects, the highest c-peptide levels were associated with the lowest adiponectin levels, an indication of insulin resistance. In total, from our examination we found limited data that strongly support any of the hypotheses investigated. Rather, we observed an indication of unexplained monocyte/macrophage activation in T1D subjects judging from elevated levels of sCD14 and IL-18BPa. These observations were partnered with unique associations between adipokines and c-peptide levels among T1D subjects.

To learn more and read the full publication, click here.

For a full list of Eagle Bioscience’s Endocrinology line of ELISA kits click here.

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Urinary 5-HIAA a Potential Predictor of Acute Appendicitis

by Eagle Biosciences

Biomarker of urinary 5-HIAA as a valuable predictor of acute appendicitis

Science Direct

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common causes of severe acute abdominal pain globally. Increased levels of 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), a metabolite of serotonin, in urine has been associated with acute appendicitis due to the densely packed serotonin-containing cells in the appendix. A study performed recently aimed to evaluate and determine the significance of 5-HIAA as a diagnostic marker.

Read the full article here.

Eagle Biosciences offers a sensitive and reliable assay for the detection of 5-HIAA in urine samples:

5-HIAA ELISA Assay Kit

Serotonin ELISA Assay Kit

Serotonin Ultrasensitive ELISA Assay Kit

If you are looking for any other specific 5-HIAA related product or if you have questions about our offerings, contact us here.

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Studies Show that Neuropilin-1 Could Play Role in Transmission of COVID-19

by Eagle Biosciences
Studies Show that Neuropilin-1 Could Play Role in Transmission of COVID-19

Eagle News

Two Independent Research Teams Find Possible Link Between Neuropilin-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Transmission

Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is an essential transmembrane cell surface receptor acting primarily as a co-receptor for various ligands (i.e. VEGF, Semaphorins). Due to alternative splicing or shedding, the extracellular region can be released into circulation as soluble Neuropilin-1. NRP1 functions in many key biological processes including the neuronal, cardiovascular and the immune system. The virus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 NRP1 is expressed in multiple cell types in the body but occurs primarily on cells in the lung, nose and brain (i.e. respiratory and olfactory epithelium as well as in the CNS). SARS CoV 2 enters the host cells by its spike proteins mainly through its binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

Click here for summary of findings.

Studies:

Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and provides a possible pathway into the central nervous system. Cantuti-Castelvetri L et al., Science 13 Nov, 2020; Vol. 370, Issue 6518, pp. 856-860. Full publication.

Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Daly JL et al., Science, 13 Nov 2020; Vol. 370, Issue 6518, pp. 861-865. Full publication.

About the Neuropilin-1 ELISA:

  • Only assay that measures free and ligand bound soluble NRP1
  • Low sample volume – only 10µl needed
  • Highly specific using epitope mapped antibodies
  • Rigorously validated according to international guidelines

Contact us for more information about this or our other SARS-CoV-2 related products.

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Eagle Biosciences Adds New VEGF ELISA

by Eagle Biosciences

Eagle Biosciences is now offering a new Human VEGF ELISA Kit from Biomedica. The VEGF ELISA Assay Kit is intended for the quantitative determination of human VEGF in serum, EDTA plasma, and citrate plasma.

VEGF ELISA Highlights:

  • DAY Test – results in 4.5 h
  • High sensitivity – measurable values in both serum and plasma
  • RELIABLE- rigorously validated according to FDA/ICH/EMA guidelines
  • READY to use – calibrators and controls included
  • EXCELLENT correlation to existing methods
  • SMALL sample size – only 10µl sample / well required

Areas of interest:

  • Cancer
  • Metabolic disease (diabetes and diabetic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, obesity)
  • Retinal Diseases
  • Autoimmune & inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis)
  • Heart and cardiovascular disease
  • Skeletal bone formation and bone repair

About VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF or VEGF-A), is a growth hormone secreted by endothelial cells, fi broblasts, smooth muscle cells, platelets, macrophages, and many other cell types. It belongs to the cysteine-knot growth factor superfamily (1) and has a molecular weight of about 40 kDa. Currently, 17 different VEGF isoforms have been described to be expressed from one single gene. They are produced by alternative promoter usage/initiation or alternative splicing/proteolysis after protein translation. The N-terminal region is responsible for receptor binding and conserved among all VEGF isoforms. In contrast, residues of the C-terminus differ between isoforms and determine protein length and properties: binding to co-receptor Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) or to extracellular matrix (ECM), agonist/antagonist of angiogenesis. Most isoforms result from the common transcripts: VEGF111, VEGF121, VEGF145, VEGF165, VEGF189 and VEGF206. Additionally, a third VEGF variant (VEGFAx), that demonstrates pro- and anti-apoptotic properties, was described. Thus, vascularization is tightly controlled by the balance of various splice variants, their availability and concentration, whereas isoforms linked to the ECM constitute a reservoir of VEGF that can quickly be shed to circulating forms. One of the most potent pro-angiogenic isoforms is VEGF165a. After secretion, 50-70% of VEGF165a is attached to the extracellular matrix (via heparin binding site), the rest is freely diffusible. It is the most abundant isoform and enhances signaling over the VEGFR2 receptor by additionally binding to its co-receptor Neuropilin-1. VEGF A isoforms are glycosylated, homodimeric proteins. Two anti-parallel monomers are linked by intermolecular disulfide bonds whereas eight cysteine residues form a knot-like structure at one end of each monomer. However, heterodimerization with PLGF has been described as well.

Contact us for more information about this product.

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New LRG ELISA Available from Biomedica

by Eagle Biosciences

LEUCINE-RICH ALPHA-2-GLYCOPROTEIN (LRG) ELISA Now Available!

Austrian supplier Biomedica has released a new ELISA, the Leucine-Rich Alpha-2-Glycoprotein or LRG for short. The LRG ELISA Assay kit is intended for the quantitative determination of human LRG in serum, EDTA plasma, heparin plasma, and citrate plasma.

Human LRG ELISA highlights:

Size: 1×96 wells
Sensitivity: 0.26 ng/ml
Standard Range: 0 – 64 ng/ml
Incubation Time: 3.5 hours
Sample Type: Serum, Plasma
Sample Size: 100 µl pre-diluted sample / well (5 µl sample)

About LRG

LRG (leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein) is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 38.2 kDa. It is encoded by the human gene LRG-1 which is mapped on chromosome 19 at the cytogenetic band 19p13.3. The protein LRG (or also named LRG1) runs at approximately 50 kDa under reducing conditions, as it contains a carbohydrate content of 23%. LRG is the founding member of the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins. The mature protein consists of 312 amino acids, from Val36 to Gln347, with a leucine content of 66 amino acids. LRG is folded to eight leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains of 22 amino acid length, and a C-terminal LRRCT domain with 49 amino acid length. Human LRG shows 62.5% sequence identity with mouse LRG, and 60.7% with rat LRG.

LRG binds to the TGFβ accessory receptor endoglin, and in the presence of TGFβ1 this leads to the induction of the TβRII-ALK1-Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. TGFβ1 therefore promotes binding of LRG to the proangiogenic ALK1 but inhibits the interaction with angiostatic ALK5. Induced signaling leads to endothelial cell proliferation and blood vessel outgrowth.

Like many other family members of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family, LRG has multiple binding partners. LRG directly interacts with the mitochondrial electron transfer protein cytochrome c, whereas the physiological relevance of this interaction is not yet known. LRG further binds to TGFβ1, the most frequently expressed TGFβ isoform.

The tissue distribution of LRG varies, with high-level expression in the liver, lower expression in the heart, and minimal expression in spleen and lung. LRG is expressed during hematopoiesis. It plays a role in the innate immune system as it is upregulated during neutrophil differentiation; LRG is packed into peroxidase-negative granules of human neutrophils and then secreted upon activation to modulate the microenvironment. Differential expression of LRG is further associated with certain carcinomas, neurodegenerative disease, aging or autoimmune disease. In addition, studies have demonstrated an association between cardiac remodeling (hypertrophy, fibrosis, abnormal vasculature, heart failure) and reduced expression of LRG.

LRG is involved in cell proliferation and immune response, in cell migration, neovascularization and apoptosis. It is a proangiogenic factor which is involved in the regulation of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Up-regulation of LRG is described in response to acute phase response in hepatocytes.

LRG is potentially a biomarker for a variety of diseases e.g. as inflammatory biomarker for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Numerous groups have shown that LRG is increased in various immune-related diseases such as psoriasis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Kawasaki disease, appendicitis, and cancers, indicating that LRG elevation is not only limited to autoimmune diseases. In addition, LRG may serve as a biomarker for several other disease conditions such as heart failure, and diabetes-related complications. Plasma Leucine-Rich α-2-Glycoprotein has also been demonstrated to predict cardiovascular disease risk in end-stage renal disease. Leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein is highly expressed in the brain and it is possible to distinguish idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) from other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease by measuring LRG in cerebrospinal fluid.

To learn more about this product click here or contact us with questions

CategoriesUncategorized

SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Used in Icelandic Study!

by Eagle Biosciences

Epitope Diagnostics Inc. New COVID-19 IgG and IgM ELISA Featured in Icelandic Study on Humans Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Exposure

A study has recently been published in the New England Journal of Medicine titled Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland by D.F. Gudbjartsson, et. al. This study takes a look at the semi-long term immune response of the COVID-19 respiratory infection. 30,576 patient samples were tested for both IgG and IgM antibodies using both q-PCR and ELISA methods. The ELISA’s used in this study were the Coronavirus COVID-19 IgG ELISA Assay and Coronavirus COVID-19 IgM ELISA Assay Kit offered by Eagle Biosciences. The results of this study showed that IgM anti-N antibody levels increased rapidly soon after diagnosis and then fell rapidly and were generally not detected after 2 months. IgG anti-N and anti-S1 antibody levels increased during the first 6 weeks after diagnosis and then decreased slightly, indicating that antiviral antibodies against SERS-CoV-2 did not decline within 4 months after diagnosis. With respect to clinical characteristics, antibody levels were most strongly associated with hospitalization and clinical severity, followed by clinical symptoms such as fever, maximum temperature reading, cough, and loss of appetite. Severity of these individual symptoms, with the exception of loss of energy, was associated with higher antibody levels.

More research still needs to be conducted to understand the full immune response over time. However, this is a great step in the development of how this virus works and how the world will be able to overcome it.

To learn more and read the full publication, click here.

To view Eagle Biosciencs extensive selection of SARS-CoV-2 Assays and other products, click here

Categories

How Does COVID-19 Effect Your Central Nervous System?

by Eagle Biosciences

A new article published by Nelly Kanberg, et al. titled Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19 has set out to study how COVID-19 impacts the central nervous system. It’s already known how this novel coronavirus effects the respiratory system, but does the body’s inflammatory response to this virus cause lasting effects to the nervous system?

For this study, two biomarkers in human plasma were measured; neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The samples came from patients who had mild, moderate or severe cases of COVID-19 (n=47). Of those 47 patients, the ones who had a severe case of COVID-19 showed higher concentrations of GFAP and NfL.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protien, or GFAP for short, is a known biomarker in the central nervous system (CNS) that is typically studied in those with brain injuries. When a brain injury occurs (concussion, retinal stess, tumors, etc.), GFAP is released into the blood stream and helps determine the severity of the injury. The results of this study help support and determine the relationship between COVID-19 and potentially lasting neural injuries.

To read this article in full, click here.

To learn more about how to measure GFAP, click here or contact us with your questions

CategoriesUncategorized

New iLite Cells Now Available!

by Eagle Biosciences

Svar Life Sciences has Added Two New assay ready cells to their iLite® Product Line!

iLite® C5a Assay Ready Cells

The iLite® C5a Assay Ready Cells can be used for the quantification of C5a activity, and for determination of inhibitory activity against either C5a itself or against the C5a receptor in test samples, including human serum.

Read Product Specifications Here

iLite® RANKL Assay Ready Cells

The iLite® RANKL Assay Ready Cells can be used for the quantification of RANKL activity, RANKL inhibitor activity or immunogenicity studies and determination of neutralizing antibody response against RANKL inhibitors in test samples, including human serum.

Read Product Specifications Here

 

As always, contact us with any questions you have and someone from our sales team will be happy to assist you!

CategoriesUncategorized

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays

by Eagle Biosciences

Comparison of the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay with the EDITM enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human plasma

Both of Epitope Diagnostics’ Anti-SARS-COV-2 antibody assays (IgG and IgM) have been featured in a head-to-head comparison against Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2. Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 is manufactured by Roche Diagnostics and has been the gold-standard in the diagnostics industry for automated assays.

Abstract: Recently, Roche Diagnostics (Rotkreuz, Switzerland) has launched the IVD CE-marked Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies on the cobas e immunoassay analyzers. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical performance of the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV 2 assay with the EDITM SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), which we have recently established in our laboratory.

Read and Learn More Here

Coronavirus COVID-19 IgG ELISA Assay

Coronavirus COVID-19 IgM ELISA Assay Kit

Categories

Expanded COVID-19 Assay Selection

by Eagle Biosciences

We, at Eagle Biosciences, Inc. are rapidly expanding our selection of Coronavirus Assays by welcoming two new research kits! With the ongoing pandemic, it’s more important now than ever that we continue to offer the highest quality assays to our customers. Here are our newest additions;

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 (RBD) IgG ELISA Assay
Catalog Number: E111

The Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 (RBD) IgG ELISA Assay Kit is manufactured in Germany by Mediagnost. This assay is a highly specific enzyme immunoassay for the detection of IgG antibodies directed against SARS-CoV-2-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in human blood. In this assay the recombinant Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike protein, which binds the ACE2 receptor, is used. The use of RBD increases the specificity of the assay since the domain is identical with SARS-CoV but not with MERS-CoV for example. Antibodies directed against the RBD neutralize both virus strains SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.

Size: 1×96 wells
Incubation Time: 2 hours 40 minutes
Sample Type: Serum and Plasma
Sample Size: 100 µl
Controls Included

To learn more about the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 (RBD) IgG ELISA Assay click here*

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S1, S2, N) IgG ELISA Assay Kit
Catalog Number: 3940

The Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S1, S2, N) IgG ELISA Assay Kit is manufactured in Germany by Generic Assays. This assay is a module based Enzyme Immunoassay for the confirmation of positive IgG antibodies against SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the first screening. The Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S1, S2, N) IgG ELISA Assay Kit determines the specificity of antibodies against the main immunodominant antigens (Spike Glycoprotein 1, Spike Glycoprotein 2, Nucleocapsid) of SARS-CoV-2 in human serum or plasma. This test kit consists of modules separately coated with the major antigens of the virus as seen in the illistration below:

Size: 96 wells (24 samples x 4)
Incubation Time: 2 hours
Sample Type: Serum or Plasma
Number Of Tests Per Kit: 24 (22 samples + controls)
Sample Size: 50 µl
Controls Included

To learn more about the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S1, S2, N) IgG ELISA Assay Kit click here*

 

Check out our entire Coronavirus Series here or contact us with any questions or inquires

 

*These kits are for research use only and should not be used for diagnostic procedures.