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Calprotectin ELISA Assay Kit Highlighted in Recent Publication

by Eagle Biosciences

The Eagle Bioscience’s Calprotectin ELISA Assay Kit was highlighted in a recent study! In this publication scientists studied the dose effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) fortification on diarrhea and respiratory tract infections in weaned infants with anemia.

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore the dose effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) fortification on the morbidity of diarrhea and respiratory tract infections in weaned infants with anemia.

Methods
A total of 108 infants with anemia, who were exclusively breast fed at 4 to 6 months and weaned and formula fed at 6 to 9 months, were recruited. The eligible infants were randomly assigned to fortified group 0 (FG0), fortified group 1 (FG1), or fortified group 2 (FG2) and were given formula fortified with 0 mg/100 g, 38 mg/100 g, and 76 mg/100 g of bLF, respectively, for 3 mo. The morbidity of diarrhea and respiratory tract infections (RTIs), the duration of respiratory and diarrhea-related illnesses, and the levels of fecal human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2), cathelicidin LL-37 (LL-37), secretory IgA (sIgA), butyrate, and calprotectin were assessed.

Results
After the exclusion of 12 dropouts, the primary outcome measures, including episodes and duration of diarrhea and RTIs during the intervention, were obtained from 96 infants (35, 33, and 28 in FG0, FG1, and FG2, respectively). Compared with infants in FG0, there was a lower morbidity of rhinorrhea, wheezing, and skin rash among infants in FG1 (P < 0.05) and a lower morbidity of respiratory-related illness and wheezing among infants in FG2 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a lower morbidity of diarrhea-related illness, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea was observed among infants in FG2 than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the FG1 infants had a lower morbidity of vomiting and nausea than the FG0 infants (P < 0.05). The HBD-2, LL-37, sIgA, and calprotectin levels were significantly higher whereas the butyrate level was significantly lower in the FG2 infants than in infants in the other two groups after 3 mo of intervention (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
The bLF-fortified formula was effective in reducing the morbidity of diarrhea and RTIs in infants with anemia, with the 76 mg/100 g bLF-fortified formula exhibiting a stronger effect. The bLF fortification could be a new strategy for the prevention of diarrhea and RTIs in infants with anemia.

Chen, K., Jin, S., Chen, H.,et al. Dose effect of bovine lactoferrin fortification on diarrhea and respiratory tract infections in weaned infants with anemia: A randomized, controlled trial. Nutrition. (2021)90:111288

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PTX3 Biomarker spotlight

by Eagle Biosciences

PTX3 Biomarker Spotlight
Pentraxins are a superfamily of acute phase reactants characterized by a pentameric structure. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), is locally produced and released by a variety of cell types including macrophages, neutrophils, myeloid-derived mesangial cells, synovial cells, smooth muscle cells, alveolar epithelium, and glial cells. PTX3 is induced in response to either inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or the selected associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PTX3 is elevated in critically ill patients, with a gradient from systematic inflammatory response syndrome to septic shock, and in several other diseases, such as myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, small vessel vasculitis and psoriasis.

Oncologists at Queen Mary’s University whether PTX 3 could be a reliable biomarker for detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is characterized by an intense desmoplastic stroma, laid down by the pancreatic stellate cells (PSC). One of the defining features of PDAC is that there are very few cancer cells. Pancreatic cancer is surprisingly made up of mostly non-cancer cells, which have been co-opted by cancer to build a huge amount of scar tissue or stroma around the cancer, providing a strong defense for the cancer cells. The researchers found that PTX3 is a putative stromally-derived biomarker for PDAC which warrants further testing in prospective, larger, multi-center cohorts and within clinical trials targeting stroma.

To read more about this study, click here.

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Pentraxin-3 ELISA Assay Kit
High Sensitive CRP ELISA Assay Kit
SAP ELISA Assay Kit

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Cortisol Saliva ELISA Assay Kit Product Announcement

by Eagle Biosciences

Cortisol ELISA Assay Kit

Eagle Biosciences is excited to announce the new Cortisol Saliva ELISA Assay Kit. The kit is intended for the quantitative determination of cortisol in human saliva.

Why Measure Cortisol?

Cortisol is the most abundant circulating steroid and the major glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is physiologically effective in blood pressure maintenance and anti-inflammatory activity. It is also involved in calcium absorption, gluconeogenesis as well as the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin. It is increased under stress situations, physical exercise and external administration of ACTH. Most circulating cortisol is bound to cortisol binding globulin or transcortin and albumin. The free cortisol, which is considered the active part of blood, is about 1–2%. In the absence of appreciable amounts of the cortisol binding proteins in saliva, salivary cortisol is considered to be free and shows a diurnal rhythm with the highest levels in the morning and the lowest levels at night.

Measurement of cortisol levels in general can be used as an indicator of adrenal function and the differential diagnosis of Addison’s and Cushing’s diseases as well as adrenal hyperplasia and carcinoma.

Check out the benefits of Cortisol Saliva ELISA Assay Kit:

  • NO SHAKING required
  • ROOM TEMPERATURE incubation
  • SMALL SPECIMEN SAMPLE required

If you have any questions about this kit or our other offerings, contact us here.

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ACTH ELISA Assay Kit Highlighted in Recent Publication

by Eagle Biosciences

The Eagle Bioscience’s ACTH ELISA Assay Kit was recently highlighted in a publication about the cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in infants after receiving corticosteroids following cataract surgery.

Abstract

Purpose
Cushingoid features are occasionally encountered in infants after pediatric cataract surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the use of topical glucocorticoids (GCs) following congenital cataract surgery can result in endogenous adrenal suppression and/or systemic side effects similar to those seen with systemic steroids.

Methods
A prospective study was performed on 20 infants with bilateral congenital cataract. All infants received a single subconjunctival betamethasone injection of 1 mg at the end of surgery in addition to topical dexamethasone eye drops 1 mg/ml for 6 weeks. All infants had anthropometric measurements and blood pressure measurements, serum cortisol, and ACTH level measurements before surgery and 2 months after. In addition, the total administered glucocorticoid adjusted per weight was calculated.

Results
The mean age of the infants was 4.93 ± 2.58 months. Thirteen were males (65%). The total administered glucocorticoid dose was 18.7 mg and the mean cumulative dexamethasone equivalent dose administered was 2.75 ± 1.31 mg/kg. There was a statistically significant increase in the adjusted weight percentile for age (P = 0.009). Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly elevated (P = 0.005 and P = 0.025 respectively). There was a statistically significant reduction in both the morning and afternoon serum ACTH levels (P = 0.023 and P = 0.014). The reduction in serum cortisol levels was statistically non-significant.

Conclusions
Topical steroids following pediatric cataract surgery can result in both subclinical and clinical changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis that can be easily overlooked and need careful attention and follow-up.

Aly, A., Gouda, J., Awadein, A. et al. Serum cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in infants receiving topical and subconjunctival corticosteroids following cataract surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05221-0

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Endostatin Biomarker Spotlight

by Eagle Biosciences

Endostatin Biomarker Spotlight

Endostatin, a 20-kDa C-terminal proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII, is an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor localized in the vascular basement membrane in various organs. The biological functions of the endostatin-network involve SPARC, thrombospondin-1, glycosaminoglycans, collagens, and integrins. It is expressed during the progression of renal fibrosis in tubular cells of injured tissue. In renal micro-vascular disease, observed in late stages of patients with chronic kidney disease, increased endostatin levels are possibly the consequence of enhanced extracellular matrix degradation. Thus, it may become an important marker for progressive microvascular renal disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Endostatin levels in blood are also likely to increase in patients with other microvascular tissue injuries, including atherosclerosis, myocardial- and brain ischemia. In ischemic stroke patients, high endostatin plasma levels predict a worse long-term clinical outcome.

A team of researchers recently demonstrated that serial measurement of endostatin in plasma has useful predictive value for 30-day mortality in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) patients after major surgery.

Prognostic value of dynamic plasma endostatin for the prediction of mortality in acute kidney injury: A prospective cohort study. Jia HM et al., J Int Med Res. 2020 48(7):300060520940856.. Full Text.

Related Products:
Endostatin ELISA Assay Kit

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Dopamine ELISA Assay Kit Utilized in Recent Study

by Eagle Biosciences

dopamine elisa assay kit

The Eagle Biosciences’ Dopamine ELISA Assay Kit was used recently in a Parkinson study. This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effect that tiron could have against MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. Read more about this study below.

Abstract

Parkinsonism is a neurodegenerative disease that is common all over the world. This study aimed at exploring the neuroprotective effect of tiron against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism. MPTP (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [ip]) was injected in mice daily for 5 consecutive days. Mice were treated with tiron (140 and 280 mg/kg, ip) or levodopa (8.4 mg/kg, orally) for 10 consecutive days starting 5 days before MPTP injection. At the end of the experiment, behavioral tests were conducted to assess the neuroprotective effect of tiron. Moreover, oxidative stress was assessed via measuring antioxidant enzyme, such as catalase, and lipid peroxidation was evaluated as malondialdehyde. Neuronal damage was also detected by histopathological examination and via estimating hippocampal levels of dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2. In addition, the expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 and heme oxygenase-1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Compared with the blank control group and the positive control group, the inhibitory effect of tiron on MPTP-induced neurodegenerative injury was statistically significant.

Mohamed SA, El-Kashef DH, Nader MA. Tiron Alleviates MPTP-Inceded Parkisonism in Mice Via Activation of Keap-1/Nrf2 Pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2020;35:e22685.

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Dopamine ELISA Assay Kit
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric-Acid) ELISA Assay Kit
Serotonin ELISA Assay Kit

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Eagle Biosciences Announces New Cytokine Assays

by Eagle Biosciences

New Cytokine Assay Kits

Eagle Biosciences is excited to announce a new line of cytokine assays!

About Cytokines

Cytokines are a cornerstone of any study that deals with inflammation. Cytokine profiles as a whole and the relative abundance of one cytokine, and the endogenous inhibitors, define an inflammatory process that is in motion. Specific cytokines of interest include interleukins, interferons, chemokins, and members of the tumor necrosis factor and TGF beta super families.

Cytokine sandwich ELISA are sensitive enzyme immunoassays that can specifically detect and quantitate the concentration of soluble cytokine and chemokine proteins. They allow researchers to study the complicated physiological and pathological roles of cytokines in systemic inflammatory reactions, and accurately measure the levels of specific cytokines under physiological and pathological conditions which can provide valuable insight into the changes associated with different disease states.

Our Available Cytokine Assays

Human IL-6 High Sensitivity ELISA Assay Kit
Human IL-10 ELISA Assay Kit
VEGF ELISA Assay Kit
Angiopoietin-2 ELISA Assay Kit

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RANKL Regulates Male Reproductive Function

by Eagle Biosciences

RANKL Regulates Male Reproductive Function
Infertility is a frequent problem affecting up to 26% of all couples globally. Impaired semen quality is responsible for approximately 50% of all cases, but no treatment options exist. This current study provides insights into a yet unrecognized regulatory role of RANKL in male reproductive function.

Abstract

Infertile men have few treatment options. Here, we demonstrate that the transmembrane receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) signaling system is active in mouse and human testis. RANKL is highly expressed in Sertoli cells and signals through RANK, expressed in most germ cells, whereas the RANKL-inhibitor osteoprotegerin (OPG) is expressed in germ and peritubular cells. OPG treatment increases wild-type mouse sperm counts, and mice with global or Sertoli-specific genetic suppression of Rankl have increased male fertility and sperm counts. Moreover, RANKL levels in seminal fluid are high and distinguishes normal from infertile men with higher specificity than total sperm count. In infertile men, one dose of Denosumab decreases RANKL seminal fluid concentration and increases serum Inhibin-B and anti-Müllerian-hormone levels, but semen quality only in a subgroup. This translational study suggests that RANKL is a regulator of male reproductive function, however, predictive biomarkers for treatment-outcome requires further investigation in placebo-controlled studies.

Find the full text here.

Eagle Biosciences offers an ELISA kit that can measure soluble RANKL and OPG in serum and seminal fluid. These kits are reliable and highly sensitive. For more information about these kits or our other offerings, contact us here.

Free soluble RANKL ELISA Assay Kit
Osteoprotegerin ELISA Assay Kit

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Serum Amyloid A Associated with Higher COVID-19 Severity and Mortality

by Eagle Biosciences

Sclerostin Biomarker Spotlight

A recent systemic review and meta-analysis of studies with serum amyloid A in patients with COVID-19 published by the International Journal of Infectious Diseases has found high concentrations of serum amyloid A associated with higher COVID-19 severity and mortality. This review analyzed nineteen studies consisting of over five thousand patients with COVID-19. The pooled results showed that serum amyloid A concentrations were significantly higher in those patients with severe disease and non-survivors. This measurement could be useful for risk stratification and clinical monitoring of these patients.

Background

A state of excessive local and systemic inflammation and immune activation are strongly associated with oxidative stress, coagulation abnormalities, and multi-organ dysfunction in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While safe and effective vaccines have been developed and are currently being rolled out, effective therapies to mitigate the clinical manifestations of COVID-19, e.g., repurposed antiviral and immunosuppressant agents, remain limited. In this context, the use of biomarkers of disease severity and clinical progression would facilitate the early identification of patients requiring aggressive management and monitoring and assist with the judicious use of healthcare resources. Given the key pathophysiological role of inflammation and immunity in the clinical progress of COVID-19, markers that reflect the activation of these pathways might be particularly useful for risk stratification and effective management.

Serum amyloid A (SAA) genes and proteins are significantly activated during the acute phase response, which comprises a number of phenomena that occur in the presence of inflammation and infection, e.g., increased temperature and hormonal and metabolic alterations. Circulating SAA concentrations, typically low under physiological circumstances (20–50 mg/l), can increase up to 1000-fold within the first 24–48 h of an acute phase response. This is the consequence of increased synthesis in the liver that is triggered by several stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). SAA, in turn, can activate the complement system and the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing family pyrin-domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, further increase the synthesis of TNF, IL-1β, and IL-6, and activate other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α and IL-23. Notably, these mediators have been shown to contribute significantly to the onset of the cytokine storm and its adverse clinical consequences in COVID-19. Therefore, it is plausible that the acute increase in SAA concentrations in patients with COVID-19 might not only reflect the presence of an acute phase response, but also herald the development of a cytokine storm and, consequently, multi-organ failure and an increased risk of adverse outcomes.

Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses on a relatively limited number of studies, three and five, respectively, have reported a significant and positive association between SAA concentrations and COVID-19 severity. Following the publication of several additional studies, an updated systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted of the available evidence on the clinical implications of SAA concentrations in patients with COVID-19.

Read the full text here.

Related Products

Human SAA ELISA Assay Kit
Human TNF Alpha ELISA Assay
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Lipid Peroxidase Assay Kit Highlighted in Recent Studies

by Eagle Biosciences

Lipid Peroxidase Assay Kit Publication Spotlight

Eagle Biosciences Lipid Peroxidase Assay Kit was recently highlighted in two studies involving hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injuries. Hepatic ischemia is a condition where the liver does not recieve enough blood or oxygen, causing the liver cells injury. Lipid peroxidation is a well-established mechanism of cellular injury, and is used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Lipid peroxides are unstable and decompose to form a complex series of compounds including reactive carbonyl compounds. Polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxides generate malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (HAE) upon decomposition. The measurement of these biomolecules has been used as a indicator of lipid peroxidase.

The Eagle Biosciences’ Lipid Peroxidase Assay Kit is a highly sensitive tool for measuring MDA and HAE in biological fluids.

Read more about these studies below:

Gendy A, Elnagar MR, Soubh A, et al. Morin Alleviates Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Mischief: In Vivo and In Silico Contribution of Nrf2, TLR4, and NLRP3. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;138:111539.

Mohamed DZ, El-Sisi AE, Sokar SS, et al. Targeting Autophagy to Modulate Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Comparative Study Between Octreotide and Melatonin as Autophagy Modulators Through AMPK/PI3k/AKT/mTOR/ULK1 and Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in Rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2021;897:173920.

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Lipid Peroxidase Assay Kit
GSH / GSSG Microplate Assay Kit
Creatinine Microplate Assay Kit