Eagle Biosciences, Author at Eagle Biosciences

Product Announcement

New Insulin ELISA Assay Kits

Eagle Bioscience’s has extended their line of insulin assays! We now offer a wide range of Insulin ELISA Assay Kits that measure insulin concentration in a number of different species samples. These new kits include the Ovine Insulin ELISA Assay Kit, Equine Insulin ELISA Assay Kit, Porcine Insulin ELISA Assay Kit, Canine Insulin ELISA Assay Kit. These kits are highly sensitive, reliable, and easy to use.

More about insulin:

Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas. Enzymatic cleavage of proinsulin results in the production of equimolar amounts of insulin and C-peptide in circulation. Insulin is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Excessive amounts of insulin are associated with excess amounts of glucose in the system. High levels of insulin are known to cause weight gain, water bloating, high blood pressure, magnesium deficiency and an increase in the amount of inflammatory compounds in the blood, which causes blood clots and blood vessel damage. Insulin, when insufficiently produced, results in diabetes mellitus. In most cases, a high fasting insulin level is consistent with insulin resistance symptoms, but in some cases, it can be caused by more serious conditions such as Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly or possibly insulinoma.

Related Insulin ELISA Assay Kits:

Proinsulin ELISA Assay Kit

Insulin ELISA Assay Kit

Insulin Ultrasensitive ELISA Assay Kit

If you are looking for any other specific related products, or have any questions about our offerings contact us here.

Technical Spotlight

iLite Assay Ready Cells Technical Spotlight

by Eagle Biosciences

iLite Assay Ready Cells

iLite® Assay Ready Cells are developed by our partners at Svar Life Science. iLite technology is based upon a reporter gene assay format, modified and adapted for applications during the whole drug development cycle as well as for monitoring of biological drugs. These cell lines can be developed for any biopharmaceutical target and assays for drug potency, i.e. drug activity, and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can easily be set-up using the same cell line. The Assay Ready cells are genetically engineered to be used with a reporter gene assay technique for detection the the drug potency and the NAbs.

A Message from SVAR about iLite:

“Many therapeutic antibodies that are used to treat common disorders, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases work – at least in part – by activating ADCC.

Our reporter gene-based iLite® ADCC bioassays offer a convenient and powerful way of measuring the ability of an antibody to elicit ADCC.

Read our new white paper and learn about the performance of our ADCC bioassays and how they compare to a leading competitor in terms of sensitivity and dynamic range.”

Download the White Paper here.

Find all of the iLite products offered on the iLite Assay Ready Cells product page.

Publication Spotlight

DHEA ELISA Used in a Recent Study

by Eagle Biosciences

DHEA ELISA Publication

Evidence for fasting induced extra-adrenal steroidogenesis in the male brown anole, Anolis sagrei

The Eagle Biosciences DHEA ELISA was used in a recent study testing if fasting could induce adrenal tissues to produce glucocorticoids (GCs) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to coordinate different physiological processes.

Abstract

Glucocorticoids (GCs) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are steroids secreted by the adrenal glands into circulation to effect distant target tissues and coordinate physiological processes. This classic systemic view of steroids has been challenged by evidence that other tissues can independently synthesize their own steroids. Little is known however regarding circumstances that can promote this extra-adrenal steroidogenesis. Here we tested if fasting can induce tissues to increase GC and DHEA synthesis in the brown anole lizard Anolis sagrei. Lizards fasted for eight days lost body mass and increased fatty acid oxidation. Fasting also increased plasma concentrations of DHEA and corticosterone, but not cortisol. Corticosterone concentration within the adrenals, heart, intestines, lungs and liver exceeded that in plasma, with the latter two increasing with fasting. Levels of DHEA in the adrenals and heart were higher than in plasma, but no significant effect of fasting was observed, expect for a noticeable increase in intestinal DHEA. Two steroidogenic genes, the steroidogenic acute regulatory (Star) protein and Cyp17a1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme, were expressed in several tissues including the liver, lungs and intestines, which were increased with fasting. Continued research should aim to test for expression of additional enzymes further along the steroidogenic pathway. Nonetheless these data document potential extra-adrenal steroidogenesis as a possible mechanism for coping with energy shortages, although much work remains to be done to determine the specific roles of locally synthesized steroids in each tissue.

To learn more and read the full publication, click here.

Big Endothelin-1 Biomarker Spotlight

by Eagle Biosciences

Big Endothelin-1 Biomarker Spotlight

Big Endothelin-1 (Big ET-1) is a protein that is mainly produced by vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. Big ET-1 is a precursor to Endothelin (ET), the most potent vasoconstrictor known today. The half life of ET is less than one minute, whereas Big ET-1 is cleared more slowly. Big ET-1 can therefore be determined more easily, and has since been identified as a risk factor for a poor prognosis in patients with atrial fibrillation or coronary artery disease. A current study has shown that plasma concentrations of Big ET-1 is a valuable tool for risk stratification in patients with left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). Other studies have also recognized the effectiveness of Big ET-1 as a predictor for numerous cardiovascular diseases.

Prognostic value of plasma big endothelin-1 in left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Fan P, et al. Heart 2020;0:1–6. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317059

Plasma big endothelin-1 is an effective predictor for ventricular arrythmias and end-stage events in primary prevention implantable cardioverter- defibrillator indication patients. Li XY et al., 2020. J Geriatr Cardiol 28;17(7):427-433.

Plasma big endothelin-1 predicts new-onset atrial fibrillation after surgical septal myectomy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Song C et al., 2019. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 22;19(1):122.

Plasma level of big endothelin-1 predicts the prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Wang Y et al., 2017. Int J Cardiol 15;243:283-289.

EagleBio Highlights ELISpot Kits

by Eagle Biosciences

ELISpot Kits

Eagle Biosciences proudly offers a broad range of products in our extensive catalog. In addition to the well known ELISA format, we offer several assay kits in a enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay format.

ELISA vs. ELISpot

ELISAs use antibodies to detect the presence and concentration of a protein in a liquid sample. In the most common form, antigens are applied to a stable surface (usually a microtiter plate). Then the corresponding antibody, linked with an enzyme, is added to form a complex. Finally, the enzyme’s substrate is added, which produces a measurable reaction, usually in the form of a color change.

ELISpots also utilize antibody-enzyme reactions. However, instead of measuring the concentration of protein in a sample, they measure the number of cells secreting the cytokine of interest in a sample. Antigens are applied to the plate surface, and when samples are added, cells settle on the bottom of the wells. The cytokines secreted by the cells are captured by the surrounding antigens. After the appropriate incubation time, the cells are removed and the secreted cytokine is detected using a detection antibody linked with an enzyme. The enzyme’s substrate is added, producing a reaction. The end result is visible spots on the on the surface of the plate. Each spot corresponds to an individual cell that was secreting the target protein.

The information provided by ELISpot kits is applicable to various fields of study including: transplantation, vaccine development, T-cell regulation analysis, autoimmune disease, cancer, allergy, and viral infections. These kits are highly sensitive and easy to use.

ELISpot Kit Procedure

Our available kits:

IFN gamma ELISpot Assay Kit

Mouse IFN gamma ELISpot Assay Kit

Rat IFN gamma ELISpot Assay Kit

TNF alpha ELISpot Assay Kit

Rat TNF alpha ELISpot Assay Kit

Publication Spotlight

Calprotectin ELISA Highlighted in a Recent Study

by Eagle Biosciences

Calprotectin ELISA

Does Human Milk Fortifier Affect Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants?

Eagle Biosciences’ Calprotectin ELISA Assay Kit was used in a recent study dealing with inflammation of preterm infants in response to human milk fortifier. The Calprotectin ELISA Assay is part of our line of Gastrointestinal Assays which is a line of highly sensitive and specific kits used to detect the concentration of a variety of samples in serum, plasma, tissue, urine, and saliva.

Abstract

Background: Fecal calprotectin, a recognized marker of intestinal inflammation, is derived from neutrophil migration to a site of inflammation. Introduction of bovine-based human milk fortifier containing intact protein in preterm infants is associated with an increase in fecal calprotectin suggestive of intestinal inflammation. Newer fortifiers contain protein hydrolysates in place of intact protein.

Objective: To measure fecal calprotectin in human milk-fed preterm infants before and after human milk fortification using a fortifier containing hydrolyzed protein.

Methods: Serial stool samples were collected from 24 infants beginning at the first week to 60 days postnatal age. To compare the effect of human milk fortification, samples collected before and after fortification were compared. Infant demographics, diet, postnatal morbidities, and maternal characteristics were recorded.

Results: A total of 401 stool samples were collected from 24 study infants who had a birth weight of 993 ± 277 g (mean ± standard deviation), gestational age 27.5 ± 2.8 weeks, and fortifier initiation at 14 days. Median fecal calprotectin before and after fortification were similar. Calprotectin levels were not correlated with birth weight or gestational age but were inversely correlated with postnatal age (p = 0.005), use of fortifier (p < 0.001), receipt of antibiotics antenatally (p = 0.007) and postnatally (p = 0.008). After adjusting for postnatal age, calprotectin levels were significantly lower following receipt of fortifier (p < 0.001) and postnatal antibiotics (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The feeding of protein hydrolysate-containing human milk fortifiers does not appear to be associated with increases in a marker of intestinal inflammation.

Click here for the full text.

SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Used in Recent Study

by Eagle Biosciences

COVID-19 IgG and IgA ELISA Feature in Recent Study Analyzing Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and Symptom Onset

A study has been published in Viruses titled Persisting Neutralizing Activity to SARS-CoV-2 over Months in Sera of COVID-19 Patients by B, Flehming et al. This study takes a look at the long term presences of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and IgG and IgA antibodies in three patients diagnosed with COVID-19 over a six month period. This research utilized the COVID-19 Nucleocapsid IgG Quantitative ELISA Assay Kit and the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA (S1 RBD) ELISA Assay offered by Eagle Biosciences. The results of this study indicate that immunity to the virus may persist for a couple of months after onset of symptoms. These findings are consistent with some other studies done with larger cohorts of COVID-19 patients, however similar longitudinal studies should be done in the future to corroborate these findings.

Abstract

The relationship between the nasopharyngeal virus load, IgA and IgG antibodies to both the S1-RBD-protein and the N-protein, as well as the neutralizing activity (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 in the blood of moderately afflicted COVID-19 patients, needs further longitudinal investigation. Several new serological methods to examine these parameters were developed, validated and applied in three patients of a family which underwent an ambulatory course of COVID-19 for six months. The virus load had almost completely disappeared after about four weeks. Serum IgA levels to the S1-RBD-protein and, to a lesser extent, to the N-protein, peaked about three weeks after clinical disease onset but declined soon thereafter. IgG levels rose continuously, reaching a plateau at approximately six weeks, and stayed elevated over the observation period. Virus-neutralizing activity reached a peak about 4 weeks after disease onset but dropped slowly. The longitudinal associations of virus neutralization and the serological immune response suggest immunity in patients even after a mild clinical course of COVID-19.

Click here for the full text.

To view Eagle Biosciences’ extensive collection of SARS-CoV-2 Assays and other products click here.

Product Announcement

New FGF ELISA Kits Available

by Eagle Biosciences

Introducing the FGF-19 ELISA Assay Kit and the Mouse FGF-21 ELISA Kit. These kits are an extension of an expansive FGF Assay line of kits Eagle Biosciences already offers. Fibroblast Growth Factors are a family of cell signaling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. FGF-19 and FGF-21 belong to a subfamily of these proteins that function as an important role in nutrient metabolism.

More about FGF-19:

The primary source of endocrine FGF-19 is the ileum, bile acids release into the intestine after a meal to induce expression of FGF-19. Circulating FGF-19 plays an important role in maintaining proper bile acid homeostasis. Several pharmacologic studies in hyperglycemic, obese animal models have shown that FGF-19 can improve metabolic rate and lower serum glucose and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Like insulin, FGF-19 functions as postprandial hormone to govern hepatic protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis, but does not stimulate lipogenesis.

More about FGF-21:

FGF-21 has been implicated in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism under fasting and ketotic conditions. In murine models, FGF-21 is predominantly expressed in liver, but it also expressed in adipose tissue and pancreatic β-cells. FGF-21 stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes. It also protects animals from diet-induced obesity when overexpressed in transgenic mice and lowers blood glucose and triglyceride levels when administered to diabetic rodents. When administered daily for 6 weeks to diabetic rhesus monkeys, FGF-21 caused a dramatic decline in fasting plasma glucose, fructosamine, triglycerides, insulin, and glucagon. Furthermore, elevated plasma FGF-21 concentrations in humans appear to be related to the presence of hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance.

Angiopoietin-2 is Predictive for ICU Admission of COVID Patients

by Eagle Biosciences

Studies show that Angiopoietin-2 is a strong predictor in COVID-19 patients

Two research teams find that increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine Angiopoietin-2 predicts transfer to the ICU and is responsible for hypercoagulation observed in critically ill COVID-patients.

Studies:

Angiopoietin-2 as a marker of endothelial activation is a good predictor factor for intensive care unit admission of COVID-19 patients. Smadja DM et al., Angiogenesis, 2020;1-10. Full text

Elevated Angiopoietin-2 inhibits thrombomodulin-mediated anticoagulation in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Hultstrom M et al., MedRxiv preprint server, 2021. Full text

Click here for a summary of the findings.

Background

SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the coronavirus respiratory disease COVID-19. It has a diverse range of symptoms and may cause severe illness, in particular in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (1).

Endothelial damage and inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection

The inflammatory cytokine storm occurring in COVID-19 patients, leads to the recruitment of leukocytes which damage the capillary endothelium. The endothelial damage and inflammation in several organs in SARS-CoV-2 infection is a direct consequence of viral involvement and of the host inflammatory response (2).
Despite the routine thrombosis prophylaxis as standard of care treatment, the major COVID-19 complication is the hyperactivation of the coagulation system indicating a poor prognosis among COVID-19 patients in intensive care (3).

Angiopoietin-2 (ANG2) is a soluble marker of endothelial activation

Angiopoietin-2 is an angiogenesis regulator that can be rapidly released by the activated endothelium upon thrombin or inflammatory cytokines. ANG2 induces inflammation and vascular hyperpermeability and correlates with adverse outcomes in several critical care syndromes (4, 5).

Angiopoietin-2 is a crucial factor to predict transfer to the ICU

In COVID-19 patients, ANG2 was recently reported by Smadja and colleagues to be a relevant factor to predict transfer to the ICU as it was associated with poor lung compliance (6). Thus, showing that endothelial activation reinforces the hypothesis of a COVID-19-associated microvascular dysfunction.

Angiopoietin-2 inhibits anticoagulation in critically ill COVID-19 patients

Hulstrom and colleagues recently demonstrated that ANG2 levels in critically ill COVID-19 patients correlate with disease severity, hypercoagulation, and mortality. In addition, the researchers provided novel in vivo evidence for a direct role for ANG2 in coagulation through binding to and inhibition of thrombomodulin-mediated anticoagulation. The scientists suggest that inhibition of ANG2 might be beneficial for treating critically ill COVID-19 patients, as well as other patients with hypercoagulation (7).

About the Angiopoietin ELISA

Low sample volume – only 10µl needed
Assay range optimized for clinical samples
Ready to use standards and 2 controls included
Highly specific epitope mapped capture and detection antibodies

The human Angiopoietin-2 ELISA kit was developed and manufactured by Biomedica

Literature

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Zhou F et al., Lancet, 2020; 395(10229):1054-1062.
Endotheliitis in COVID-19. Varga S. Der Pathologe, 2020; 41(Suppl 2):99-102.
COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Al-Samkari H et al., Blood, 2020:136, 489-500.
Role of Angiopoietin-2 in Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Akwii RG et al., Cells, 2019; 8(5): 471.
Circulating angiopoietin-2 and the risk of mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies. Li F et al., Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2020; 14, 1753466620905274.
Angiopoietin-2 as a marker of endothelial activation is a good predictor factor for intensive care unit admission of COVID-19 patients. Smadja DM et al., Angiogenesis, 2020;1-10.
Elevated Angiopoietin-2 inhibits thrombomodulin-mediated anticoagulation in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Hultstrom M et al., MedRxiv preprint server, 2021.

Eagle News

Osteoclasts Regulate Sclerostin Expression and Bone Formation

by Eagle Biosciences

Sclerostin expression in trabecular bone is down-regulated by osteoclasts

Scientific Reports

Bone tissues have trabecular bone with a high bone turnover rate and cortical bone with a low turnover. Expression of sclerostin by osteocytes works to inhibit bone formation. A study performed recently aimed to evaluate the relationship between the secretion of sclerostin by osteocytes and the secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) by osteoclasts. It was found that LIF secretion effectively suppresses sclerostin expression and promotes bone formation.

Read the full article here.

Eagle Biosciences offers a sensitive and reliable assay for the detection of sclerostin in serum and plasma samples:

Related Insulin ELISA Assay Kits:

A Message from SVAR about iLite:

Evidence for fasting induced extra-adrenal steroidogenesis in the male brown anole, Anolis sagrei

Abstract

Related Products:

Related Products:

ELISA vs. ELISpot

Our available kits:

Does Human Milk Fortifier Affect Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants?

Abstract

Related Products

COVID-19 IgG and IgA ELISA Feature in Recent Study Analyzing Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and Symptom Onset

Abstract

More about FGF-19:

More about FGF-21:

Related Products:

Studies show that Angiopoietin-2 is a strong predictor in COVID-19 patients

Two research teams find that increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine Angiopoietin-2 predicts transfer to the ICU and is responsible for hypercoagulation observed in critically ill COVID-patients.

Background

Endothelial damage and inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Angiopoietin-2 (ANG2) is a soluble marker of endothelial activation

Angiopoietin-2 is a crucial factor to predict transfer to the ICU

Angiopoietin-2 inhibits anticoagulation in critically ill COVID-19 patients

Literature

Sclerostin expression in trabecular bone is down-regulated by osteoclasts