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MHC Tools For COVID-19 Immune Monitoring

Eagle News

Immune Monitoring COVID-19

Cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 are only visible to CD8+ T cell after virus proteins have been processed and presented by MHC class I molecules – and only then are the CD8+ T cell able to eradicate the infection. While antibodies against the COVID-19 virus are important to prevent or minimize infection, CD8+ T cells are responsible for clearing the virus from the body. Hence, the identification of peptides being presented by MHC class I is essential to:

Design potent vaccines eliciting a persistent response and
Using MHC class I tetramers to monitor cellular immune responses
Assessments of vaccine induced cellular immunity

immunAware allows researchers pursuing novel COVID-19 vaccines to generate tetramers and monitor immune responses. In the current pandemic scenario it is essential not to only focus on a few ALA allotypes; rather it is essential to be able to monitor as many allotypes as possible to ensure a novel vaccine targets a broad range of allotypes.

The easYmer reagents can also be used to validate the binding of predicted epitopes to further stratify the selection of potential COVID-19 vaccine targets.

As the US distributor for immunAware, Eagle Biosciences offer their extensive catalog of MHC tetramer products, including:

HLA-A*29:02 (WYMWLGARY) Class I Tetramer

See our full list of immunAware products here. If you have questions or for assistance with a specific product, please contact us.

Product Announcement

COVID-19 IgG and IgM ELISA’s Now Available

by Eagle Biosciences

Eagle Biosciences, Inc. is excited to announce the launch of two new assays to help with the growing epidemic of the COVID-19 virus that is spreading worldwide. The COVID-19 IgG and IgM ELISA’s are successfully validated assays for the qualitative detection of novel coronavirus infected pneumonia cases, suspected clustering cases, and other new coronaviruses in serum or plasma samples (COVID-19) through measurement of the COVID-19 IgM or IgG antibodies.

Assay Background
2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a single-stranded RNA coronavirus. Comparisons of the genetic sequences of is virus have shown similarities to SARS-CoV and bat coronaviruses. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory infections. Coronaviruses are composed of several proteins including the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). Results suggest that the spike protein retains sufficient affinity to the Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to use it as a mechanism of cell entry. Human to human transmission of coronaviruses is primarily thought to occur among close contacts via respiratory droplets generated by sneezing and coughing. IgM is the first immunoglobulin to be produced in response to an antigen and will be primarily detectable during the early onset of the disease.

Assay Principle
These COVID-19 IgG and IgM ELISA assay kits are designed, developed, and produced for the qualitative measurement of the COVID-19 IgM or COVID-19 IgG antibody in serum. The assays utilizes the “IgM capture” or “IgG capture” methods on microplate based enzyme immunoassay technique.

Assay controls and samples are added to the microtiter wells of a microplate that was coated with an anti-human IgM or IgG specific antibodies. After the first incubation period, the unbound protein matrix is removed with a subsequent washing step. A horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled recombinant COVID-19 antigen is added to each well. After an incubation period, an immunocomplex of Anti-hIgM or Anti-hIgG antibody – human COVID-19 IgM or IgG antibody – HRP labeled COVID-19 antigen is formed if there is novel coronavirus IgM or IgG antibody present in the tested materials. The unbound tracer antigen is removed by the subsequent washing step. HRP-labeled COVID-19 antigen tracer bound to the well is then incubated with a substrate solution in a timed reaction and then measured in a spectrophotometric microplate reader. The enzymatic activity of the tracer antigen bound to the coronavirus IgM of IgG on the wall of the microtiter well is proportional to the amount of the coronavirus IgM or IgG antibody level in the tested materials

To learn more, view assay’s here or contact us for questions!
Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 IgM ELISA Kit
Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 IgG ELISA Kit

Eagle News

Alzheimer’s targets brain cells that help people stay awake

by Eagle Biosciences

Alzheimer’s targets brain cells that help people stay awake

Science News

New Alzheimer’s disease research is providing valuable insight into the cause of the drowsiness associated with dementias. A study performed in a neuropathology lab at UC San Francisco found the brain stem and hypothalamus to be packed with tau protein. The brain stem and hypothalamus oversee several nervous system functions, including keeping people awake and focused. Tau forms “tangles” inside of nerve cells and hinder them from performing necessary functions. In studying three areas of theses structures that help keep people awake, researchers found over 70 percent of the nerve cells were destroyed by tau. These findings will help to drive a greater focus on the brain stem in dementia and Alzheimers research.

Read the full article here.

Eagle Biosciences offers a sensitive and reliable assay for detection of tau in cell culture supernatant, serum, cell culture extracts, plasma, cerebral spinal fluid. We also offer several Tau monomer and preformed fibril products.

Active Human Recombinant Tau (K18), P301L mutant Protein Monomer

Active Human Recombinant Tau441 (2N4R) mutant Protein Monomer

Active Human Recombinant Tau (K18), P301L mutant PPF

Active Human Recombinant Tau441 (2N4R), P301S mutant PPF

If you are looking for a specific tau protein related product or if you have questions about our offerings, contact us here.

Trade Show Spotlight

Eagle Biosciences Will Be at ASN Kidney Week 2019

by Eagle Biosciences

Eagle Biosciences will be at ASN Kidney Week in Washington, DC!

ASN Kidney Week is this week, Thursday, November 7 to Sunday, November 10, at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. Stop by booth #2005 to learn more about Vanin-1, Klotho, Intact FGF23 and other assays that could help you with your kidney related research! We’ll be there to answer any questions you may have, or stop and say hi! We love seeing our customers!

Product Highlights

Vanin-1: Eagle Bio has two new Vanin-1 ELISA Kits. Vanin-1 is an early biomarker of renal tubular damage in drug-induced acute kidney injury, obstructive nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy.

FluoBolt Klotho: This newest addition to our FluoBolt line of fluorescence immunoassays allows for highly sensitive measurement of Klotho, a critical biomarker for chronic kidney disease and failure, renal- and hepatocellular carcinomas, osteoporosis or cardiovascular diseases.

Technical Spotlight: Metal Enhanced Fluorescence Assays

Intact FGF23: This CLEIA ELISA is a unique and highly accurate assay for the measurement of FGF23, which has been linked to impaired renal function.

Contact us for more information about these products.

Product Announcement

Eagle Biosciences Announces New Vanin-1 Kits

by Eagle Biosciences

What is Vanin-1?

Vanin-1 is an epithelial ectoenzyme activating the conversion of pantetheine into pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and cysteamine and thus is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.

Why is Vanin-1 important?

The highest levels of Vanin-1 expression is assigned to renal tubular epithelial cells. Hence, Vanin-1 released from renal cells can be detected in the urine. Pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrate that Vanin-1 is an early biomarker of renal tubular damage in drug-induced acute kidney injury, obstructive nephropathy, and diabetic nephropathy. In fact, Vanin-1 has as superior predictive value for acute kidney injury than established markers KIM-1, NGAL, or NAG .

Comparison of human urine Vanin-1 values in apparently healthy individuals and individuals with kidney disease:

Areas of Interest:

Acute kidney injury
Diabetic nephropathy
Drug-induced acute kidney injury
Obstructive nephropathy

Assay Highlights:

Optimized for human urine samples
Highly SPECIFIC and DEFINED characterized antibodies
RELIABLE rigorously validated according to FDA guidelines
QUICK one-step ELISA

Eagle Biosciences offers the first fully validated human Vanin-1 assays in a simple-to-use ELISA:

Human Vanin-1 (urine) ELISA Assay Kit

Mouse/Rat Vanin-1 ELISA Kit

Contact us for more information about our Vanin-1 related assay kits.

Eagle Biosciences will be at ASN Kidney Week in Washington, DC!

Stop by booth #2005 to learn more about Vanin-1, Klotho, Intact FGF23 and other assays that could help you with your kidney related research! We’ll be there to answer any questions you may have, or stop and say hi! We love seeing our customers!

Publication Spotlight

Eagle Biosciences Human Intact FGF23 CLEIA ELISA Used in Diabetes Study

by Eagle Biosciences

The Eagle Biosciences MedFrontier FGF23 (Human Intact FGF23) CLEIA ELISA Assay was used in a recently published study looking at the association between FGF23 levels and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and normal or mildly impaired kidney function.

FGF23 is an endocrine hormone involved in vitamin D metabolism and phosphorous level regulation. Previous studies have shown a link between insulin resistance and an increase in FGF23, which researchers believe affects renal phosphorous handling and leads to a higher risk of MACE.

The study did find evidence of a connection with FGF23 levels and an increased risk of MACE or mortality in participating patients.

EagleBio Highlights CLEIA Kits

by Eagle Biosciences

Eagle Biosciences proudly offers a broad range of products in our extensive catalog. In addition to the well known ELISA format, we offer several assay kits in a Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay (CLEIA) format.

ELISA vs. CLEIA

ELISAs use antibodies to detect the presence of a protein in a liquid sample. In the most common form, antigens are applied to a stable surface (usually a microtiter plate). Then the corresponding antibody, linked with an enzyme, is added to form a complex. Finally, the enzyme’s substrate is added, which produces a measurable reaction, usually in the form of a color change.

CLEIAs also utilize antibody-enzyme reactions, but offer a higher level of sensitivity due use of chemiluminescence rather than colorimetric absorbance or fluorescence. Chemiluminescence allows detection of trace amounts of analytes because samples typically have little to no background interference. These reactions are also easily measured using a photomultiplier or photodiode. These types of kits are increasing in popularity due to their increased sensitivity, specificity, reliability, and reproducibility.

Our available CLEIA/CLIA kits

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) CLIA Assay Kit
MedFrontier FGF23 (Human Intact FGF23) CLEIA ELISA Assay

Product Announcement

Eagle Biosciences Adds New Immunology Assays

by Eagle Biosciences

Eagle Biosciences is excited to announce the addition of several new ELISA assay kits. These new assays cover a broad range of immunology research areas, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer immunology. The majority of these kits are available in 1×96 and 2×96 well sizes.

New Kits:
Human Azurocidin ELISA Kit
Human BPI ELISA Kit
Human C3a ELISA Kit
Human C3c ELISA Kit
Human C5a ELISA Kit
Human Coagulation Factor XII ELISA Kit
Human Ficolin-1 ELISA Kit
Human Ficolin-2 ELISA Kit
Human Ficolin-3 ELISA Kit
Human gC1qR ELISA Kit
Mouse H-FABP ELISA Kit
Human L-FABP ELISA Kit
Human MBL ELISA Kit
Mouse MBL-C ELISA Kit
Competitive MGO ELISA Kit
LBP ELISA Kit
Mouse MPO ELISA Kit
Rat MPO ELISA Kit
Human Pentraxin 3 ELISA Kit
Human Proteinase 3 ELISA Kit
Human SAP ELISA Kit
Human Soluble Mannose Receptor ELISA Kit
Human sTREM-1 ELISA Kit

Biomarker Spotlight

Eagle Biosciences Biomarker Spotlight: Anti-Glycoprotein

by Eagle Biosciences

Glycoprotein 2 (GP2), the pancreatic major zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein, is has been recognized in recent years as the major antigenic target of Crohn’s Disease specific anti-pancreatic antibodies. Anti-Glycoprotein (Anti-GP2) IgA and IgG antibodies have been studied as critical biomarkers for the detection of a number of diseases, including Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Pancreatitis GP2 ELISA

Eagle partner Generic Assays offers a highly sensitive ELISA for the detection of acute pancreatitis-specific GP2 in serum.

GP2 Antibody Assays can be found here:

Anti-GP2 (Glycoprotein 2) IgA ELISA Assay Kit
Anti-GP2 (Glycoprotein 2) IgG ELISA Assay Kit

Contact us for more information about our GP2 related assay kits.

References

Lael Werner, Daniela Paclik, Christina Fritz, Dirk Reinhold, Dirk Roggenbuck, Andreas Sturm. Identification of Pancreatic Glycoprotein 2 as an Endogenous Immunomodulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. The Journal of Immunology. September 15, 2012, 189 (6) 2774-2783; DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103190. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103190

Bogdanos, Dimitrios P.; Roggenbuck, Dirk; Reinhold, Dirk; Wex, Thomas; Pavlidis, Polychronis; von Arnim, Ulrike; Malfertheiner, Peter; Forbes, Alastair; Conrad, Karsten; Laass, Martin W. (2012) Pancreatic-specific autoantibodies to glycoprotein 2 mirror disease location and behaviour in younger patients with Crohn’s disease. BMC Gastroenterology. 102 (12) 1; DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-12-102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-12-102

Roggenbuck, D., Goihl, A., Hanack, K., et al. (2016). Serological diagnosis and prognosis of severe acute pancreatitis by analysis of serum glycoprotein 2. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 55(6), pp. 854-864. Retrieved 23 Sep. 2019, from doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0797.

Valentina Somma, Hani Ababneh, Ahmad Ababneh, et al., “The Novel Crohn’s Disease Marker Anti-GP2 Antibody Is Associated with Ileocolonic Location of Disease,” Gastroenterology Research and Practice, vol. 2013, Article ID 683824, 7 pages, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/683824.

Shulan Zhang, Ziyan Wu, Jing Luo, Xuefeng Ding, Chaojun Hu, Ping Li, Chuiwen Deng, Fengchun Zhang, Jiaming Qian, Yongzhe Li. (2015). Diagnostic Potential of Zymogen Granule Glycoprotein 2 Antibodies as Serologic Biomarkers in Chinese Patients with Crohn Disease. Medicine, 94 (42). doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001654.

Eagle News

Anti-Phospholipid Products Used in Studies

by Eagle Biosciences

Our Anti-Phospholipid IgM and IgG Line Immunoassays were used in two recent studies. These assays are part of our DotDiver line of products from Generic Assays (designed for use with the DotDiver 2.0 Immunoassay Processor).

The first study performed a comparison of the line immunoassays versus the ELISA method to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity. The second study focused on using line immunoassays to examine thrombotic risk of non-criteria anti-phospholipid antibodies. Abstracts and citation information for both studies are below.

Product pages:
DotDiver Anti-Phospholipid IgM
DotDiver Anti-Phospholipid IgG

Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of a novel line immunoassay for the detection of criteria and non-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies in comparison to established ELISAs. (Full Article)

Abstract Background:
Persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) constitute the serological hallmark of the anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). Recently, various new assay technologies for the detection of aPL better suited to multiplex reaction environments than ELISAs emerged. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of such a novel line immunoassay (LIA) for the simultaneous detection of 10 different aPL.

Thaler MA, Bietenbeck A, Steigerwald U, Buttner T, Schierack P, Lindhoff-Last E, et al. (2019) Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of a novel line immunoassay for the detection of criteria and non-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies in comparison to established ELISAs. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0220033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220033

Thrombotic Risk of Non-Criteria Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies Measured by Line Immunoassay: Superiority of Anti-Phosphatidylserine and Anti-Phosphatidic Acid Antibodies (Full Article)

Abstract Background:
Increasing interest has focused on the development of new assays more specific for APS and application of multiple combinations of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPLs). This study explored the thrombotic risk of non-criteria aPLs measured by a new line immunoassay (LIA) and the benefit of additional non-criteria aPLs results to the APS diagnosis.

Park HS, Gu JY, Jung HS, Kim HK. (2019) Thrombotic risk of non-criteria anti-phospholipid antibodies measured by line immunoassay: superiority of anti-phosphatidylserine and anti-phosphatidic acid antibodies. Clin. Lab. 2019;65:207-213. DOI: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2018.171207