Author: Eagle Biosciences

The Eagle Bioscience’s Creatine Microplate Assay was highlighted in a recent publication that explored the association of urinary biomarkers of smoking-related toxicants with lung cancer incidence in smokers. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Cigan, Shannon S., et al. “Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Smoking-Related Toxicants with Lung Cancer Incidence in Smokers: The Multiethnic Cohort Study.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0569.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Etanercept (Enbrel) ELISA was utilized in a recent publication that focused on the concentration of etanercept in human milk and infant outcomes. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

According to the National Institutes of Health, up to 23.5 million Americans (> 7% of the population) suffer from an autoimmune disease, and women are 2 times more likely to be diagnosed with an autoimmune disease than men.1,2 Medications such as etanercept (ETN) may be required for treatment of maternal disease during lactation. This can be problematic for lactating individuals due to the paucity of data on the safety of those medications for the nursing infant. Given that human milk is the recommended primary source of nutrition for infants until 6 months of age and a complementary source of nutrition until at least 12 months of age, it is critical to study medications that are used to treat autoimmune diseases during lactation

Bertrand, Kerri, et al. “The Concentration of Etanercept in Human Milk and Infant Outcomes.” The Journal of Rheumatology, 2022.

About Etanercept

Etanercept is a biopharmaceutical that treats autoimmune diseases by interfering with tumor necrosis factor (TNF, a soluble inflammatory cytokine) by acting as a TNF inhibitor. It has U.S. F.D.A. approval to treat rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis. TNF-alpha is the “master regulator” of the inflammatory (immune) response in many organ systems. Autoimmune diseases are caused by an overactive immune response. Etanercept has the potential to treat these diseases by inhibiting TNF-alpha.

If you have any questions about the Etanercept (Enbrel) ELISA or our other offerings, please contact us here.

The Eagle Bioscience’s Mouse Rat 25-OH Vitamin D ELISA was utilized in a recent publication that focused on how vitamin D and the ability to produce 1,25(OH)₂D is critical for protection from viral lung infection. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Vitamin D supplementation is linked to improved outcomes from respiratory virus infection, and the COVID-19 pandemic renewed interest in understanding the potential role of vitamin D in protecting the lung from viral infections. Therefore, we evaluated the role of vitamin D using animal models of pandemic H1N1 influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In mice, dietary-induced vitamin D deficiency resulted in lung inflammation that was present prior to infection. Vitamin D sufficient (D+) and deficient (D−) wildtype (WT) and D+ and D− Cyp27B1 (Cyp) knockout (KO, cannot produce 1,25(OH)₂D) mice were infected with pandemic H1N1. D− WT, D+ Cyp KO, and D− Cyp KO mice all exhibited significantly reduced survival compared to D+ WT mice. Importantly, survival was not the result of reduced viral replication, as influenza M gene expression in the lungs was similar for all animals. Based on these findings, additional experiments were performed using the mouse and hamster models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In these studies, high dose vitamin D supplementation reduced lung inflammation in mice but not hamsters. A trend to faster weight recovery was observed in 1,25(OH)₂D treated mice that survived SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was no effect of vitamin D on SARS-CoV-2 N gene expression in the lung of either mice or hamsters. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency enhanced disease severity, while vitamin D sufficiency/supplementation reduced inflammation following infections with H1N1 influenza and SARS-CoV-2.

Arora, Juhi, et al. “Vitamin D and the Ability to Produce 1,25(OH)2D Are Critical for Protection from Viral Infection of the Lungs.” Nutrients, vol. 14, no. 15, 2022, p. 3061., https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153061.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s MedFrontier Intact FGF23 Assay highlighted in a recent publication that focused on the determination of FGF23 Levels for the diagnosis of FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) measurement is a critical tool in the evaluation of patients with disordered phosphate homeostasis. Available laboratory reference ranges for blood FGF23 were developed using samples from normophosphatemic individuals. Reliance on such values can lead to misdiagnosis in patients with FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia, such as X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), in whom pathology-driving FGF23 levels can be in the “normal range.” To determine FGF23 levels that are diagnostic for the identification of patients with FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemic disorders, we studied 149 patients with various disorders of FGF23-mediated and FGF23-independent hypophosphatemia and defined cut-off levels for both intact FGF23 (iFGF23) and C-terminal FGF23 (cFGF23) that can accurately distinguish between FGF23-mediated and FGF23-independent hypophosphatemia. In addition, to demonstrate the relationship between FGF23 and phosphate across the spectrum of human physiology, we assessed blood levels of FGF23 and phosphate in 434 patients with various forms of hypophosphatemia, hyperphosphatemia, and normophosphatemia. An intact FGF23 cut point of 27 pg/mL was 100% sensitive and specific in distinguishing FGF23-mediated from FGF23-independent hypophosphatemia, and a cFGF23 cut point of 90 RU/mL was 100% sensitive and specific in distinguishing specifically TIO from FGF23-independent hypophosphatemia. There was overlap in the cFGF23 range of 45–90 RU/mL between genetic forms of FGF23 excess and FGF23-independent hypophosphatemia, substantiating the superiority of iFGF23 over cFGF23 in making the diagnosis of FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia. In this cohort, using the laboratory upper limit of normal for cFGF23 (180 RU/mL) would result in a misdiagnosis in more than half of patients with FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia. In this, the largest study of FGF23 in chronic hypophosphatemia to date, we established iFGF23 and cFGF23 cut-off values to assist in the evaluation and diagnosis of hypophosphatemic conditions. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Hartley, Iris R., et al. “Determination of FGF23 Levels for the Diagnosis of FGF23‐Mediated Hypophosphatemia.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 37, no. 11, 2022, pp. 2174–2185., https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4702.

If you have any questions about the MedFrontier Intact FGF23 Assay or our other offerings, please contact us here.

The Eagle Bioscience’s BI-CAT Adrenaline & Noradrenaline ELISA was highlighted in a recent publication focusing matrix metalloproteinases and stress hormones in lung cancer progression. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and psychological stress are associated with poor cancer prognosis. The current work goal was to determine MMPs’ and stress hormones’ blood concentrations from lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) patients. Patients were divided into the following groups: tobacco smokers (TS), wood smoke-exposed (W), passive smokers (PS), TS exposed to wood smoke (TW), and patients with no recognizable risk factor (N). MMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), adrenaline, noradrenaline, and cortisol blood concentrations were measured by ELISA. Zymography and Western blot assays were performed to determine MMP-2 and MMP-9 active and latent forms. MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 blood concentrations, and MMP-9 gelatinase activity were augmented, while MMP-12, MMP-14, and TIMP-2 were diminished in LAC patients. Cortisol was increased in LAC samples. Adrenaline concentrations were higher in W, TS, and TW, and noradrenaline was increased in W and N groups. Positive correlations were observed among cortisol and TIMP-1 () and TIMP-2 () in the W group and between noradrenaline and MMP-2 () in the N group. MMPs’ blood concentration increments can be considered as lung cancer progression markers. Although stress hormones were also augmented, only weak correlations were observed between them and MMPs and TIMPs.

Gonzalez-Avila, Georgina, et al. “Matrix Metalloproteinases and Stress Hormones in Lung Cancer Progression.” Journal of Oncology, vol. 2022, 2022, pp. 1–13., https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5349691.

If you have any questions about the BI-CAT Adrenaline & Noradrenaline ELISA or our other offerings, please contact us here.

The Eagle Bioscience’s Calprotectin ELISA Assay Kit was highlighted in a recent publication focusing on the determination of serum lactate and fecal calprotectin for assessing intestinal inflammation. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Since past decades probiotics have been consistently reported to exhibit various health benefits. Probiotics are considered to stabilize the intestinal barrier and epithelial tight junction by modulating the immune functions and further hampering increased permeability disorder observed in inflammatory diseases. Several serological biomarkers such as serum lactate are utilized for determining the conditions of clinical sepsis and intestinal inflammation. Similarly, calprotectin which is also a abundant neutrophil protein found in fecal and plasma sample is responsible for elevating infectious and inflammatory conditions within the patients and rodents. The fecal calprotectin is also used for determining the underlying inflammatory response within the host upon probiotic administration. Both serum lactate and calprotectin serve as markers for the intestinal inflammation for assessing the safety of the probiotic use in the host. The main objective of this chapter is to provide the detailed experimental methods which can be considered while maintaining growth conditions and administration of probiotics within animal models and assessing the serum lactate and calprotectin levels through spectrophotometer, HPLC, and ELISA.

Shah, Firdosh, and Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi. “Determination of Serum Lactate and Fecal Calprotectin for Assessing the Intestinal Inflammation.” Methods and Protocols in Food Science, 2022, pp. 267–275., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2509-5_28.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Mouse Albumin ELISA Assay was utilized in a recent publication that focused on how REDD1 ablation attenuates the development of renal complications in diabetic mice. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Chronic hyperglycemia contributes to development of diabetic kidney disease by promoting glomerular injury. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that hyperglycemic conditions promote expression of the stress response protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) in the kidney in a manner that contributes to the development of oxidative stress and renal injury. After 16 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, albuminuria and renal hypertrophy were observed in wild-type (WT) mice coincident with increased renal REDD1 expression. In contrast, diabetic REDD1 knockout (KO) mice did not exhibit impaired renal physiology. Histopathologic examination revealed that glomerular damage including mesangial expansion, matrix deposition, and podocytopenia in the kidneys of diabetic WT mice was reduced or absent in diabetic REDD1 KO mice. In cultured human podocytes, exposure to hyperglycemic conditions enhanced REDD1 expression, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and promoted cell death. In both the kidney of diabetic mice and in podocyte cultures exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, REDD1 deletion reduced ROS and prevented podocyte loss. Benefits of REDD1 deletion were recapitulated by pharmacological GSK3β suppression, supporting a role for REDD1-dependent GSK3β activation in diabetes-induced oxidative stress and renal defects. The results support a role for REDD1 in diabetes-induced renal complications.

Sunilkumar, Siddharth, et al. “Redd1 Ablation Attenuates the Development of Renal Complications in Diabetic Mice.” 2022, https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.20503266.v1.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Mouse PD-L1 ELISA Kit was highlighted in a recent publication that explored gene guided OX40L expression on tumor cells to initiate tumor “self-killing”. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

The low objective response rates and severe side effects largely limit the clinical outcomes of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Here, a tumor “self-killing” therapy based on gene-guided OX40L anchoring to tumor cell membrane was reported to boost ICB therapy. We developed a highly efficient delivery system HA/PEI-KT (HKT) to co-deliver the OX40L plasmids and unmethylated CG-enriched oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). On the one hand, CpG induced the expression of OX40 on T cells within tumors. On the other hand, OX40L plasmids achieved the OX40L anchoring on the tumor cell membrane to next promote T cells responses via OX40/OX40L axis. Such synergistic tumor “self-killing” strategy finally turned “cold” tumors to “hot”, to sensitize tumors to programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy, and promoted an immune-mediated tumor regression in both B16F10 and 4T1 tumor models, with prevention of tumor recurrence and metastasis. To avoid the side effects, the gene-guided OX40L anchoring and PD-L1 silencing was proposed to replace the existing antibody therapy, which showed negligible toxicity in vivo. Our work provided a new possibility for tumor “self-killing” immunotherapy to treated various solid tumors.

Lin, Lin, et al. “Gene-Guided OX40L Anchoring to Tumor Cells for Synergetic Tumor ‘Self-Killing’ Immunotherapy.” Bioactive Materials, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.07.008.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Polystreptavidin R Extraordinary High Biotin Binding Capacity was utilized in a recent publication. The researchers of this study were focusing on the use of an aptamer sandwich lateral flow assay (AptaFlow) for antibody-free SARS-CoV-2 detection. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is among the greatest health and socioeconomic crises in recent history. Although COVID-19 vaccines are being distributed, there remains a need for rapid testing to limit viral spread from infected individuals. We previously identified the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N-terminal domain (NTD) binding DNA aptamer 1 (SNAP1) for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus by aptamer–antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and lateral flow assay (LFA). In this work, we identify a new aptamer that also binds at the NTD, named SARS-CoV-2 spike protein NTD-binding DNA aptamer 4 (SNAP4). SNAP4 binds with high affinity (<30 nM) for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a 2-fold improvement over SNAP1. Furthermore, we utilized both SNAP1 and SNAP4 in an aptamer sandwich LFA (AptaFlow), which detected SARS-CoV-2 UV-inactivated virus at concentrations as low as 10⁶ copies/mL. AptaFlow costs <$1 per test to produce, provides results in <1 h, and detects SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations that indicate higher viral loads and a high probability of contagious transmission. AptaFlow is a potential approach for a low-cost, convenient antigen test to aid the control of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Yang L.F., Kacherovsky N., Panpradist N., et al. Aptamer Sandwhich Lateral Flow Assay (AptaFlow) for Antibody-Free SARS-CoV-2 Detection. Anal. Chem. 2022: 94:20, 7278–7285. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00554

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