The Eagle Bioscience’s Noradrenaline ( Norepinephrine) High Sensitive ELISA was utilized in a recent publication that focused on how β₁-adrenergic receptor links sympathetic nerves to T cell exhaustion. Check out the full text and abstract below!

Abstract

CD8⁺ T cells are essential components of the immune response against viral infections and tumors, and are capable of eliminating infected and cancerous cells. However, when the antigen cannot be cleared, T cells enter a state known as exhaustion¹. Although it is clear that chronic antigen contributes to CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion, less is known about how stress responses in tissues regulate T cell function. Here we show a new link between the stress-associated catecholamines and the progression of T cell exhaustion through the β₁-adrenergic receptor ADRB1. We identify that exhausted CD8⁺ T cells increase ADRB1 expression and that exposure of ADRB1⁺ T cells to catecholamines suppresses their cytokine production and proliferation. Exhausted CD8⁺ T cells cluster around sympathetic nerves in an ADRB1-dependent manner. Ablation of β₁-adrenergic signaling limits the progression of T cells towards the exhausted state in chronic infection and improves effector functions when combined with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in melanoma. In a pancreatic cancer model resistant to ICB, β-blockers and ICB synergize to boost CD8⁺ T cell responses and induce the development of tissue-resident memory-like T cells. Malignant disease is associated with increased catecholamine levels in patients^2,3, and our results establish a connection between the sympathetic stress response, tissue innervation and T cell exhaustion. Here, we uncover a new mechanism by which blocking β-adrenergic signaling in CD8⁺ T cells rejuvenates anti-tumor functions.

Globig, AM., Zhao, S., Roginsky, J. et al. The β₁-adrenergic receptor links sympathetic nerves to T cell exhaustion. Nature 622, 383-392 (2023).

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The Eagle Bioscience’s easYmer H2-Db MHC Tetramer was highlighted in a recent publication that focused on killing tumor-associated bacteria with a liposomal antibiotic and how it generates neoantigens that induce anti-tumor immune responses. Check out the full text and abstract below!

Abstract

Increasing evidence implicates the tumor microbiota as a factor that can influence cancer progression. In patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), we found that pre-resection antibiotics targeting anaerobic bacteria substantially improved disease-free survival by 25.5%. For mouse studies, we designed an antibiotic silver-tinidazole complex encapsulated in liposomes (LipoAgTNZ) to eliminate tumor-associated bacteria in the primary tumor and liver metastases without causing gut microbiome dysbiosis. Mouse CRC models colonized by tumor-promoting bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum spp.) or probiotics (Escherichia coliNissle spp.) responded to LipoAgTNZ therapy, which enabled more than 70% long-term survival in two F. nucleatum-infected CRC models. The antibiotic treatment generated microbial neoantigens that elicited anti-tumor CD8⁺ T cells. Heterologous and homologous bacterial epitopes contributed to the immunogenicity, priming T cells to recognize both infected and uninfected tumors. Our strategy targets tumor-associated bacteria to elicit anti-tumoral immunity, paving the way for microbiome–immunotherapy interventions.

Wang, M., Rousseau, B., Qiu, K. et al. Killing tumor-associated bacteria with a liposomal antibiotic generates neoantigens that induce anti-tumor immune responses. Nat Biotechnol (2023).

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Calprotectin ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent publication that explored intestinal microbiome and metabolome signatures in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Check out the full text and abstract below!

Background

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by defects in any 1 of the 6 subunits forming the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex 2 (NOX2), leading to severely reduced or absent phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species production. Almost 50% of patients with CGD have inflammatory bowel disease (CGD-IBD). While conventional IBD therapies can treat CGD-IBD, their benefits must be weighed against the risk of infection. Understanding the impact of NOX2 defects on the intestinal microbiota may lead to the identification of novel CGD-IBD treatments.

Objective

We sought to identify microbiome and metabolome signatures that can distinguish individuals with CGD and CGD-IBD.

Methods

Results

We identified distinct intestinal microbiome and metabolome profiles in patients with CGD compared to healthy individuals. We observed enrichment for Erysipelatoclostridium spp, Sellimonas spp, and Lachnoclostridium spp in CGD stool samples. Despite differences in bacterial alpha and beta diversity between the 2 cohorts, several taxa correlated significantly between both cohorts. We further demonstrated that patients with CGD-IBD have a distinct microbiome and metabolome profile compared to patients without CGD-IBD.

Conclusion

Intestinal microbiome and metabolome signatures distinguished patients with CGD and CGD-IBD, and identified potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Chandrasekaran, Prabha, et al. “Intestinal microbiome and metabolome signatures in patients with chronic granulomatous disease.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2023.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Serotonin ELISA Assay was utilized in a recent publication that explored the modification of the serotonergic systems and phenotypes by gestational micronutrients. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Micronutrients consumed in excess or imbalanced amounts during pregnancy may increase the risk of metabolic diseases in offspring, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a multifunctional indoleamine in the brain and the gut, may have key roles in regulating metabolism. We investigated the effects of gestational micronutrient intakes on the central and peripheral serotonergic systems as modulators of the offspring’s metabolic phenotypes. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with 1-fold recommended vitamins (RV), high 10-fold multivitamins (HV), high 10-fold folic acid with recommended choline (HFolRC), or high 10-fold folic acid with no choline (HFolNC). Male and female offspring were weaned to a high-fat RV diet for 12 weeks. We assessed the central function using the 5-HT_2C receptor agonist, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP), and found that male offspring from the HV- or HFolRC-fed dams were less responsive (P < 0.05) whereas female HFolRC offspring were more responsive to mCPP (P < 0.01) at 6 weeks post-weaning. Male and female offspring from the HV and HFolNC groups, and male HFolRC offspring had greater food intake (males P < 0.001; females P < 0.001) and weight gain (males P < 0.0001; females P < 0.0001), elevated colon 5-HT (males P< 0.01; females P < 0.001) and fasting glucose concentrations (males P < 0.01; females P < 0.01), as well as body composition toward obesity (males P < 0.01; females P < 0.01) at 12 weeks post-weaning. Colon 5-HT was correlated with fasting glucose concentrations (males R²=0.78, P < 0.0001; females R²=0.71, P < 0.0001). Overall, the serotonergic systems are sensitive to the composition of gestational micronutrients, with alterations consistent with metabolic disturbances in offspring.

Chen, Vicki, et al. “Modification of the Serotonergic Systems and Phenotypes by Gestational Micronutrients.” Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 257, no. 2, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-22-0305.

If you have any questions about the Serotonin ELISA Assay or our other offerings, please contact us here.

The Eagle Bioscience’s Cortisol Saliva ELISA was highlighted in a recent publication that focused on peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and salivary cortisol levels in college students with different levels of academic stress. Check out the full text and abstract below!

Abstract

Castillo-Navarrete, Juan-Luis, et al. “Peripheral Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Salivary Cortisol Levels in College Students with Different Levels of Academic Stress. Study Protocol.” PLOS ONE, vol. 18, no. 2, 2023.

If you have any questions about the Cortisol Saliva ELISA or our other offerings, please contact us here.

The Eagle Bioscience’s Total FGF-21 ELISA Assay was highlighted in a recent publication that focused on increased fibrosis in white adipose tissue. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Fibrosis is a pathological state caused by excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins in a tissue. Male bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgenic mice experience metabolic dysfunction with a marked decrease in lifespan and with increased fibrosis in several tissues including white adipose tissue (WAT), which is more pronounced in the subcutaneous (Sc) depot. The current study expanded on these initial findings to evaluate WAT fibrosis in female bGH mice and the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the development of WAT fibrosis. Our findings established that female bGH mice, like males, experience a depot-dependent increase in WAT fibrosis, and bGH mice of both sexes have elevated circulating levels of several markers of collagen turnover. Using various methods, TGF-β signaling was found unchanged or decreased—as opposed to an expected increase—despite the marked fibrosis in WAT of bGH mice. However, acute GH treatments in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo did elicit a modest increase in TGF-β signaling in some experimental systems. Finally, single nucleus RNA sequencing confirmed no perturbation in TGF-β or its receptor gene expression in any WAT cell subpopulations of Sc bGH WAT; however, a striking increase in B lymphocyte infiltration in bGH WAT was observed. Overall, these data suggest that bGH WAT fibrosis is independent of the action of TGF-β and reveals an intriguing shift in immune cells in bGH WAT that should be further explored considering the increasing importance of B cell–mediated WAT fibrosis and pathology.

Bell, Stephen, et al. “Increased Fibrosis in White Adipose Tissue of Male and Female BGH Transgenic Mice Appears Independent of TGF-β Action.” Endocrinology, vol. 164, no. 5, 2023.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s 8-Isoprostane ELISA Assay was utilized in a recent publication that assessed cerebral vascular diseases and prediction of stroke risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients using multimodal biomarkers. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

Badr, Marwa Y., et al. “Assessment of Incidence of Cerebral Vascular Diseases and Prediction of Stroke Risk in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Using Multimodal Biomarkers.” The Clinical Respiratory Journal, vol. 17, no. 3, 2023, pp. 211–228.

If you have any questions about our 8-Isoprostane ELISA Assay or our other offerings, please contact us here.

The Eagle Bioscience’s Ferritin ELISA Assay was highlighted in a recent publication that focused on the examination of functional properties, protein quality, and iron bioavailability of low-phytate in pea protein ingredients. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

The effect of seed phytate content (regular and low) on the composition (protein and mineral content), protein quality [in vitro protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (IVPDCAAS)], iron bioavailability, and functionality (solubility, oil/water holding capacity, foaming capacity and stability, and emulsion stability) of pea flours and extracted protein isolates was investigated. There was 37–45% less phytate in the flours of the low-phytate varieties compared to the regular varieties and approximately 39% less for the isolates. Upon extraction of protein, phytate increased over threefold, but for the mineral ions, this was selective in that Fe²⁺ ions increased more than threefold, while Ca²⁺ content halved. The phytate content did not influence the IVPDCAAS of the flours or isolates. The functional properties of the isolates and flours were largely similar between the low and regular phytate varieties. For each variety, iron was more bioavailable in the flours (10.5–22.0 ng ferritin/mg protein) than in the isolates (2.9–16.5 ng/mg). The low-phytate flours (20.6 ng/mg) had overall higher iron bioavailability than the regular phytate pea flours (10.7 ng/mg). For the isolates, this trend was not significant, possibly due to high intra-variety variation and the limited number of samples; however, the mean iron bioavailability value of the three low-phytate isolates was three times greater than that of the two regular phytate isolates. In conclusion, protein isolates extracted from low-phytate varieties did not show deleterious or positive impacts on the functional characteristics or protein quality; more evidence is required for iron bioavailability.

Chigwedere, C.M., Stone, A., Konieczny, D. et al. Examination of the functional properties, protein quality, and iron bioavailability of low-phytate pea protein ingredients. Eur Food Res Technol (2023).

If you have any questions about our Ferritin ELISA Assay or our other offerings, please contact us here.

The Eagle Bioscience’s Anti-dsDNA ELISA Assay was utilized in a recent publication that focused on anti-double stranded DNA antibodies. Check out the full text and abstract below.

Abstract

This work reports the first amperometric biosensor for the simultaneous determination of the single or total content of the most relevant human immunoglobulin isotypes (hIgs) of anti-dsDNA antibodies, dsDNA-hIgG, dsDNA-hIgM, dsDNA-hIgA and dsDNA-three hIgs, which are considered relevant biomarkers in prevalent autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as well as of interest in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The bioplatform involves the use of neutravidin-functionalized magnetic microparticles (NA-MBs) modified with a laboratory-prepared biotinylated human double-stranded DNA (b-dsDNA) for the efficient capture of specific autoantibodies that are enzymatically labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme using specific secondary antibodies for each isotype or a mixture of secondary antibodies for the total content of the three isotypes. Transduction was performed by amperometry (−0.20 V vs. the Ag pseudo-reference electrode) using the H₂O₂/hydroquinone (HQ) system after trapping the resulting magnetic bioconjugates on each of the four working electrodes of a disposable quadruple transduction platform (SP₄CEs). The bioplatform demonstrated attractive operational characteristics for clinical application and was employed to determine the individual or total hIgs classes in serum from healthy individuals and from patients diagnosed with SLE and AD. The target concentrations in AD patients are provided for the first time in this work. In addition, the results for SLE patients and control individuals agree with those obtained by applying ELISA tests as well as with the clinical ranges reported by other authors, using individual detection methodologies restricted to centralized settings or clinical laboratories.

Arévalo, Beatriz, et al. “Anti-Double Stranded DNA Antibodies: Electrochemical Isotyping in Autoimmune and Neurological Diseases.” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 1257, 2023, p. 341153.

If you have any questions about our Anti-dsDNA ELISA Assay or our other offerings, please contact us here.