Author: Eagle Biosciences

The StressMarq Biosciences, Inc. Alpha B Crystallin ELISA was utilized in a recent publication! The study aimed to investigate the potential peripheral myelin protein 2 (P2) and Alpha B-crystallin (aBC) as predictive biomarkers in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Check out the abstract and full text below!

Abstract

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the potential of peripheral myelin protein 2 (P2) and Alpha B-crystallin (αBC) as predictive biomarkers in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Given the unpredictability of GBS prognosis, the need for specific and reliable biomarkers for disease development and intensity assessment is crucial.

Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on a cohort of 220 individuals diagnosed with GBS at a tertiary general hospital in South India. P2 and αBC levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were quantified using ELISA assay kits. The study spanned from March 2021 to April 2023, with participants aged 18–60 years. The study protocol adhered to ethical standards, and the Brighton criteria were employed for GBS diagnosis. CSF samples were collected at admission and two weeks post-onset. Data analysis utilised SPSS, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: Upon admission, mean P2 levels were 2.2 ± 0.5 ng/mL, and αBC levels were 9.8 ± 2.3 ng/mL. After two weeks, P2 increased to 4.8 ± 0.8 ng/mL, and αBC increased to 15.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL. A positive correlation was observed between the rise in P2 and αBC levels and enhanced muscle strength at 4 weeks and 6 months.

Conclusion: The study suggests a significant increase in P2 and αBC levels in GBS patients, correlating with improved muscle strength. P2 and αBC ratios in CSF between the second and first weeks may serve as prognostic markers for GBS. Limitations include a small sample size and the absence of a control group, necessitating caution in generalizability.

Amalakanti S, Arepalli KVR, Jillella JP. Utility of cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers in predicting the outcome of Guillain-Barre syndrome. South Asian J Health Sci. 2024;1:27–30. doi: 10.25259/SAJHS_18_2023

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The Biomedica Sclerostin ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent publication! This study assessed the associations between serum and bone sclerostin levels and biomarkers of bone turnover and bone histomorphometry. Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

The pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is not well understood. Specific factors secreted by osteocytes are elevated in the serum of adults and pediatric patients with CKD-MBD, including FGF-23 and sclerostin, a known inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. The molecular mechanisms that promote bone disease during the progression of CKD are incompletely understood. In this study, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of 87 pediatric patients with pre-dialysis CKD and post-dialysis (CKD 5D). We assessed the associations between serum and bone sclerostin levels and biomarkers of bone turnover and bone histomorphometry. We report that serum sclerostin levels were elevated in both early and late CKD. Higher circulating and bone sclerostin levels were associated with histomorphometric parameters of bone turnover and mineralization. Immunofluorescence analyses of bone biopsies evaluated osteocyte staining of antibodies towards the canonical Wnt target, β-catenin, in the phosphorylated (inhibited) or unphosphorylated (active) forms. Bone sclerostin was found to be colocalized with phosphorylated β-catenin, which suggests that Wnt signaling was inhibited. In patients with low serum sclerostin levels, increased unphosphorylated “active” β-catenin staining was observed in osteocytes. These data provide new mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of CKD-MBD and suggest that sclerostin may offer a potential biomarker or therapeutic target in pediatric renal osteodystrophy.

Laster M. et al. Sclerostin, Osteocytes, and Wnt Signaling in Pediatric Renal Osteodystrophy. Nutrients. 2023 Sep 25;15(19):4127. doi: 10.3390/nu15194127

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Our Eagle Bioscience’s NGAL Stool ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent study! This study evaluated fecal inflammatory biomarkers to identify bacterial diarrhea episodes. Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Background: The measurement of fecal inflammatory biomarkers among individuals presenting to care with diarrhea could improve the identification of bacterial diarrheal episodes that would benefit from antibiotic therapy. We reviewed prior literature in this area and describe our proposed methods to evaluate 4 biomarkers in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study.

Methods: We systematically reviewed studies since 1970 from PubMed and Embase that assessed the diagnostic characteristics of inflammatory biomarkers to identify bacterial diarrhea episodes. We extracted sensitivity and specificity and summarized the evidence by biomarker and diarrhea etiology. In EFGH, we propose using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to test for myeloperoxidase, calprotectin, lipocalin-2, and hemoglobin in stored whole stool samples collected within 24 hours of enrollment from participants in the Bangladesh, Kenya, Malawi, Pakistan, Peru, and The Gambia sites. We will develop clinical prediction scores that incorporate the inflammatory biomarkers and evaluate their ability to identify Shigella and other bacterial etiologies of diarrhea as determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results: Forty-nine studies that assessed fecal leukocytes (n = 39), red blood cells (n = 26), lactoferrin (n = 13), calprotectin (n = 8), and myeloperoxidase (n = 1) were included in the systematic review. Sensitivities were high for identifying Shigella, moderate for identifying any bacteria, and comparable across biomarkers. Specificities varied depending on the outcomes assessed. Prior studies were generally small, identified red and white blood cells by microscopy, and used insensitive gold standard diagnostics, such as conventional bacteriological culture for pathogen detection.

Conclusions: Our evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers to distinguish diarrhea etiologies as determined by qPCR will provide an important addition to the prior literature, which was likely biased by the limited sensitivity of the gold standard diagnostics used. We will determine whether point-of-care biomarker tests could be a viable strategy to inform treatment decision making and increase appropriate targeting of antibiotic treatment to bacterial diarrhea episodes

Babb, C et al. Evaluation of Fecal Inflammatory Biomarkers to Identify Bacterial Diarrhea Episodes: Systematic Review and Protocol for the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study, Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 11, Issue Supplement_1, March 2024, Pages S65–S75, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad652

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Check out this recent study that highlighted our Serotonin Sensitive ELISA Kit! This study tested whether the perturbed prenatal and postnatal dietary exposures affect the developing offspring predisposing to neurobehavioral disorders in the adult. Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Introduction: Serotonin (5-HT) is critical for neurodevelopment and the serotonin transporter (SERT) modulates serotonin levels. Perturbed prenatal and postnatal dietary exposures affect the developing offspring predisposing to neurobehavioral disorders in the adult. We hypothesized that the postnatal brain 5-HT-SERT imbalance associated with gut dysbiosis forms the contributing gut-brain axis dependent mechanism responsible for such ultimate phenotypes.

Methods: Employing maternal diet restricted (IUGR, n=8) and high fat+high fructose (HFhf, n=6) dietary modifications, rodent brain serotonin was assessed temporally by ELISA and SERT by quantitative Western blot analysis. Simultaneously, colonic microbiome studies were performed.

Results: At early postnatal (P) day 2 no changes in the IUGR, but a ~24% reduction in serotonin (p = 0.00005) in the HFhf group occurred, particularly in the males (p = 0.000007) revealing a male versus female difference (p = 0.006). No such changes in SERT concentrations emerged. At late P21 the IUGR group reared on HFhf (IUGR/HFhf, (n = 4) diet revealed increased serotonin by ~53% in males (p = 0.0001) and 36% in females (p = 0.023). While only females demonstrated a ~40% decrease in serotonin (p = 0.010), the males only trended lower without a significant change within the HFhf group (p = 0.146). SERT on the other hand was no different in HFhf or IUGR/RC, with only the female IUGR/HFhf revealing a 28% decrease (p = 0.036). In colonic microbiome studies, serotonin-producing Bacteriodes increased with decreased Lactobacillus at P2, while the serotonin-producing Streptococcus species increased in IUGR/HFhf at P21. Sex-specific changes emerged in association with brain serotonin or SERT in the case of Alistipase, Anaeroplasma, Blautia, Doria, Lactococcus, Proteus, and Roseburia genera.

Discussion: We conclude that an imbalanced 5-HT-SERT axis during postnatal brain development is sex-specific and induced by maternal dietary modifications related to postnatal gut dysbiosis. We speculate that these early changes albeit transient may permanently alter critical neural maturational processes affecting circuitry formation, thereby perturbing the neuropsychiatric equipoise.

Ye X, et al. (2024) Brain serotonin and serotonin transporter expression in male and female postnatal rat offspring in response to perturbed early life dietary exposures. Front. Neurosci. 18:1363094. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1363094

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The 25-OH Vitamin D ELISA Assay Kit was highlighted in a recent study! This study aimed to assess the relationship between calcidiol, calcitriol, its hydroxylation efficiency ratio, and the soluble vitamin D receptor (sVDR) and clinical and CVD risk variables to propose potential vitamin D molecule biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis. Check out the abstract and the full text below.

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which hypovitaminosis D by calcidiol quantification has been associated with disease severity. However, other vitamin D molecules could be implicated in RA pathophysiology and its comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), which impacts the severity and mortality of RA patients. This study aimed to assess the relationship between calcidiol, calcitriol, its hydroxylation efficiency ratio, and the soluble vitamin D receptor (sVDR) and clinical and CVD risk variables to propose potential vitamin D molecule biomarkers for RA. A cross-sectional study of females was conducted on 154 RA patients and 201 healthy subjects (HS). Calcidiol, calcitriol, and the sVDR were measured in blood serum, and vitamin D hydroxylation efficiency was estimated using the calcitriol/calcidiol ratio score. CVD risk was calculated by the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) cutoff values. Disease activity was evaluated with the Disease Activity Score for 28 standard joints (DAS28-CRP). Results: The hydroxylation efficiency ratio and calcitriol serum levels were higher in RA patients with hypovitaminosis D (p < 0.001). Moreover, RA patients had a higher probability of a high hydroxylation efficiency ratio (OR = 2.02; p = 0.02), calcitriol serum levels (OR = 2.95; p < 0.001), and sVDR serum levels (OR = 5.57; p < 0.001) than HS. This same pattern was also observed in RA patients with high CVD risk using CRP serum levels; they showed a higher hydroxylation efficiency ratio (OR = 4.51; p = 0.04) and higher calcitriol levels (OR = 5.6; p < 0.01). Calcitriol correlates positively with the sVDR (r = 0.21, p = 0.03), CRP (r = 0.28, p < 0.001), and cardiometabolic indexes (p < 0.001) also showed discrimination capacity for CVD risk in RA patients with CRP ≥ 3 mg/L (AUC = 0.72, p < 0.01). In conclusion, hypovitaminosis D in RA patients was characterized by a pattern of a higher hydroxylation efficiency ratio and higher calcitriol and sVDR serum levels. Notably, higher calcitriol serum levels and a higher vitamin D hydroxylation efficiency ratio were associated with higher CVD risk in RA patients.

Rivera-Escoto M,et al. Analysis of Potential Vitamin D Molecule Biomarkers: Association of Calcitriol and Its Hydroxylation Efficiency Ratio with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(2):273. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020273

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Anti-CaSR IgG ELISA Assay Kit was highlighted in a recent study! This study was conducted to get a better understanding of the pathophysiology long COVID. Check out the abstract and full article below.

Abstract

Introduction: A group of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals present lingering symptoms, defined as long COVID (LC), that may last months or years post the onset of acute disease. A portion of LC patients have symptoms similar to myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), which results in a substantial reduction in their quality of life. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of LC, in particular, ME/CFS is urgently needed.

Methods: We identified and studied metabolites and soluble biomarkers in plasma from LC individuals mainly exhibiting ME/CFS compared to age-sex-matched recovered individuals (R) without LC, acute COVID-19 patients (A), and to SARS-CoV-2 unexposed healthy individuals (HC).

Results: Through these analyses, we identified alterations in several metabolomic pathways in LC vs other groups. Plasma metabolomics analysis showed that LC differed from the R and HC groups. Of note, the R group also exhibited a different metabolomic profile than HC. Moreover, we observed a significant elevation in the plasma pro-inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, Flt-1, and sCD14) but the reduction in ATP in LC patients. Our results demonstrate that LC patients exhibit persistent metabolomic abnormalities 12 months after the acute COVID-19 disease. Of note, such metabolomic alterations can be observed in the R group 12 months after the acute disease. Hence, the metabolomic recovery period for infected individuals with SARS-CoV-2 might be long-lasting. In particular, we found a significant reduction in sarcosine and serine concentrations in LC patients, which was inversely correlated with depression, anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction scores.

Conclusion: Our study findings provide a comprehensive metabolomic knowledge base and other soluble biomarkers for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of LC and suggests sarcosine and serine supplementations might have potential therapeutic implications in LC patients. Finally, our study reveals that LC disproportionally affects females more than males, as evidenced by nearly 70% of our LC patients being female.

Saito S, Shahbaz S, Luo X, Osman M, Redmond D, Cohen Tervaert JW, Li L and Elahi S (2024) Metabolomic and immune alterations in long COVID patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Front. Immunol. 15:1341843. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341843

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The Eagle Biosciences’ Dopamine Sensitive ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent study! The study tested whether insulin resistance in the brain can result in symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Besides COVID-19, two of the most critical outbreaks of our day are insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Each disease’s pathophysiology is well established. Furthermore, a substantial overlap between them has coexisted. Uncertainty remains on whether T2DM and AD are parallel illnesses with the same origin or separate illnesses linked through violent pathways. The current study was aimed at testing whether the insulin resistance in the brain results in AD symptoms or not. Insulin resistance was induced in the brains of rats using a single intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ) dose. We then measured glucose, insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, and tau phosphorylation in the brain to look for signs of insulin resistance and AD. The results of this study indicated that a single dose of STZ was able to induce insulin resistance in the brain and significantly decline IRS-2. This resistance was accompanied by obvious memory loss, Aβ deposition, and tau phosphorylation, further visible diminishing in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine. Furthermore, oxidative stress was increased due to the antioxidant system being compromised. Interestingly, the pancreas injury and peripheral insulin resistance coexisted with brain insulin resistance. Indeed, the antidiabetic metformin was able to enhance all these drastic effects. In conclusion, brain insulin resistance could lead to AD and vice versa. These are highly linked syndromes that could influence peripheral organs. Further studies are required to stabilize this putative pathobiology relationship between them.

Abosharaf, H.A., Elsonbaty, Y., Tousson, E., & Mohamed, T.M. (2023). Alzheimer’s disease-related brain insulin resistance and the prospective therapeutic impact of metformin. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 36(2024). https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.13356

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The Eagle Biosciences’ C-Peptide ELISA Assay Kit was used in a recent study! The aim of this study was to assess insulin sensitivity in full-term newborns exposed in utero to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antiretrovirals (ARVs). Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Introduction: Antiretrovirals (ARVs) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are implicated in the onset of insulin resistance. They cross the placental barrier thereby inducing early modifications of the fetal environment. The aim of our study was to assess insulin sensitivity in full-term newborns exposed in utero to HIV and ARVs in Yaoundé.

Materials and Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in 2 maternities in the city of Yaoundé from November 2021 to June 2022. We generated two groups of newborns (NBs): one group born to HIV positive mothers on ARVs and the other control group born to HIV negative mothers. Clinical data from mothers and NBs were collected. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) like index with C peptide served to assess insulin sensitivity. We used the Spearman correlation to measure the strength of association between insulin sensitivity and the different variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Of 70 neonates included, 35 were born to HIV positive mothers on ARVs and 35 to HIV negative mothers. The median age of HIV positive and negative mothers was 30 (27 – 32) and 34 (24 – 47) years, respectively (p = 0.791). The body mass index before pregnancy as well as the average newborn weights were comparable in both groups. The ARV protocol associating Tenofovir, Lamivudine, Efavirenz was used by 97.1% of HIV positive mothers. In the exposed NBs group, C peptide was significantly lower (p < 0.001) and blood glucose significantly higher (p < 0.001). The median values of HOMA-IR were 1.4 (0.8 – 1.9) and 2 (1.4 – 2.6) (p = 0.001) for exposed and unexposed NBs, respectively.

Conclusion: Newborns exposed to HIV and ARVs had lower C peptide levels and were more sensitive to insulin. Close metabolic monitoring of these newborns would allow early diagnosis and management of any glucose regulation disorder.

Ekobena, F et al. (2023) Insulin Sensitivity of Term Newborns Exposed in Utero to HIV and Antiretrovirals in Yaoundé. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 13, 161-172. doi: 10.4236/ojemd.2023.139013.

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The Total Complement Functional Screen ELISA was utilized in a recent publication that sought to understand if the ability of Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria (which can cause Lyme disease) to resist the human immune system plays a big role in whether they cause widespread infections in humans. Check out the abstract and full article below.

Abstract

Reservoir host associations have been observed among and within Borrelia genospecies, and host complement-mediated killing is a major determinant in these interactions. In North America, only a subset of Borrelia burgdorferi lineages cause the majority of disseminated infections in humans. We hypothesize that differential resistance to human complement-mediated killing may be a major phenotypic determinant of whether a lineage can establish systemic infection. As a corollary, we hypothesize that borreliacidal action may differ among human subjects. To test these hypotheses, we isolated primary B. burgdorferi clones from field-collected ticks and determined whether the killing effects of human serum differed among those clones in vitro and/or whether these effects were consistent among human sera. Clones associated with human invasiveness did not show higher survival in human serum compared to noninvasive clones. These results indicate that differential complement-mediated killing of B. burgdorferi lineages is not a determinant of invasiveness in humans. Only one significant difference in the survivorship of individual clones incubated in different human sera was detected, suggesting that complement-mediated killing of B. burgdorferi is usually similar among humans. Mechanisms other than differential human complement-mediated killing of B. burgdorferi lineages likely explain why only certain lineages cause the majority of disseminated human infections.

Pearson, P. et al. Differential Resistance of Borrelia burgdorferi Clones to Human Serum-Mediated Killing Does Not Correspond to Their Predicted Invasiveness. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101238

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Our Rituximab ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent study! This study aimed to determine the transfer of anti-CD20 IgG1 mAbs, ocrelizumab, and rituximab (OCR/RTX), into mature breastmilk and describe maternal and infant outcomes. Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Objective: Postpartum, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have increased risk for disease activity. Anti-CD20 IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are increasingly used as disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Patients may wish to both breastfeed and resume DMT postpartum. This study aimed to determine the transfer of anti-CD20 IgG1 mAbs, ocrelizumab, and rituximab (OCR/RTX), into mature breastmilk and describe maternal and infant outcomes.

Methods: Fifty-seven cis-women receiving OCR/RTX after 59 pregnancies and their infants were enrolled and followed up to 12M postpartum or 90 days post-infusion. Breastmilk was collected pre-infusion and serially up to 90 days and assayed for mAb concentration. Medical records and patients’ questionnaire responses were obtained to assess neurologic, breastfeeding, and infant development outcomes.

Results: The median average concentration of mAb in breastmilk was low (OCR: 0.08 μg/mL, range 0.05–0.4; RTX: 0.03 μg/mL, range 0.005–0.3). Concentration peaked 1–7 days post-infusion in most (77%) and was nearly undetectable after 90 days. Median average relative infant dose was <1% (OCR: 0.1%, range 0.07–0.7; RTX: 0.04%, range 0.005–0.3). Forty-three participants continued to breastfeed post-infusion. At 8–12 months, the proportion of infants’ growth between the 3rd and 97th World Health Organization percentiles did not differ for breastfed (36/40) and non-breastfed (14/16, p > 0.05) infants; neither did the proportion with normal development (breastfed: 37/41, non-breastfed: 11/13; p > 0.05). After postpartum infusion, two mothers experienced a clinical relapse.

Interpretation: These confirm minimal transfer of mAb into breastmilk. Anti-CD20 mAb therapy stabilizes MS activity before conception to the postpartum period, and postpartum treatments appears to be safe and well-tolerated for both mother and infant.

Anderson, A., et al. (2023), Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in postpartum women with neurological conditions. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 10: 2053-2064. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51893

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