Anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) antibodies are another key subtype of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), targeting myeloperoxidase, an enzyme found in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils and monocytes. These autoantibodies are most strongly associated with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), both forms of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). Anti-MPO contributes to disease pathogenesis by promoting neutrophil activation and degranulation, leading to vascular inflammation and tissue injury.
Clinically, anti-MPO is a crucial diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Its presence helps differentiate MPA and EGPA from other vasculitides and autoimmune diseases. Anti-MPO levels often correlate with disease activity, making them useful for monitoring treatment response and predicting relapses. In research, anti-MPO is studied to understand the underlying immune mechanisms of vasculitis and autoimmunity. It also serves as a model for exploring how environmental or genetic factors may trigger autoantibody production, with ongoing efforts to develop more targeted therapies that interrupt MPO-driven inflammatory pathways.
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