Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a small, highly conserved peptide belonging to the beta-thymosin family, originally believed to be thymus-derived hormones but now recognized as ubiquitous across many tissues. With a molecular weight of approximately 5 kDa, Tβ4 is especially abundant in the spleen, thymus, lung, and peritoneal macrophages. It plays a central role in actin dynamics by binding monomeric actin in a 1:1 ratio, effectively acting as an actin buffer—sequestering G-actin to prevent premature polymerization and releasing it as needed for cytoskeletal remodeling.
In research and clinical contexts, thymosin beta-4 is notable for its involvement in processes such as cell differentiation, tissue regeneration, and immune modulation. It is secreted extracellularly and can be detected in plasma and wound fluid, where it contributes to wound healing and tissue repair. Its biological functions include promoting angiogenesis, enhancing cell migration (chemotaxis), inducing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), reducing inflammation, and modulating the proliferation of bone marrow stem cells.
Due to its wide-ranging effects, Tβ4 is being explored as a therapeutic biomarker and treatment agent in conditions involving tissue injury, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and even cancer. Its regulation of actin and influence on cell motility and healing make it a candidate for regenerative medicine and immune-related therapies.
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