Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), formerly classified as Campylobacter pyloridis, is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and is a primary etiological agent of peptic ulcer disease. It is typically acquired during childhood and can persist asymptomatically for years. The bacterium is transmitted via direct human contact with saliva, vomit, or fecal matter, and may also spread through contaminated food or water sources. H. pylori’s ability to survive the acidic environment of the stomach enables it to colonize the gastric mucosa, leading to chronic inflammation and, in some cases, ulcer formation.
In clinical and research settings, detection of H. pylori is critical for diagnosing and managing gastrointestinal conditions such as gastritis, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, and even gastric cancer. Diagnostic tools include urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, serological assays for H. pylori antibodies, and invasive methods like endoscopic biopsy with histological examination or rapid urease testing. H. pylori testing is particularly important in patients presenting with dyspeptic symptoms, those with a family history of gastric malignancy, or individuals in high-prevalence regions.
From a research perspective, H. pylori serves as a key model for understanding host-pathogen interactions, microbial persistence, and the progression of chronic inflammation to malignancy. Ongoing studies explore vaccine development, antibiotic resistance patterns, and the impact of eradication therapy on gastrointestinal and systemic health outcomes.
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