β2-Microglobulin (β2-M) is an 11.8 kDa light chain protein that forms part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, present on the surface of all nucleated cells. As a component of the immune system, β2-M is involved in antigen presentation, and its levels in circulation reflect cellular turnover and immune activity. The protein is primarily metabolized in the kidneys, making renal function a key determinant of its serum concentration.
In healthy individuals, β2-M levels remain relatively stable due to balanced synthesis and clearance. However, elevated serum β2-M levels may indicate impaired glomerular filtration or tubular dysfunction, making it a valuable biomarker for assessing renal health. It is particularly useful in the early detection and monitoring of kidney diseases, including chronic kidney disease and acute renal failure, where changes in β2-M precede alterations in traditional markers like creatinine.
Beyond nephrology, β2-M also has applications in oncology and immunology. Increased levels can be observed in certain hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, where it serves as a prognostic marker. In both research and clinical settings, measuring β2-M provides insights into immune system activity, renal clearance, and disease progression, supporting its use in diagnostic panels and monitoring therapeutic response
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