Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1) is a secreted glycoprotein that acts as an antagonist of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by binding to the LRP5/6 co-receptors. This pathway plays a critical role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, and tissue homeostasis. DKK-1 is encoded by the DKK1 gene and is normally expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with elevated levels found during bone development and remodeling. Dysregulation of DKK-1 has been linked to pathological processes including cancer, bone disorders, and inflammatory diseases.
In clinical and research settings, DKK-1 serves as a biomarker for several diseases. In oncology, elevated DKK-1 levels have been associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis in cancers such as multiple myeloma, prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and breast cancer. It is being investigated both as a diagnostic and prognostic marker, as well as a potential therapeutic target. In bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis, DKK-1 contributes to bone loss by inhibiting osteoblast differentiation, making it a valuable biomarker for assessing bone metabolism and response to therapy. Its role in modulating Wnt signaling also makes it a useful research target in studies focused on tissue regeneration and fibrosis.
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